In vitro spontaneous cytotoxic activity against mammalian target cells by the hemocytes of the solitary ascidian, <i>Ciona intestinalis</i>

Peddie, Clare; Smith, Valerie J.

doi:10.1002/jez.1402670609

Cited by 49 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…To our knowledge, this is the first study to report stimulatory killer cell lectin-like receptor in mollusc species. Although no cytotoxic cells have been identified in molluscs, hemocytes with cytotoxic activity have been reported in mussels [33] and tunicates [34]. Hence, the discovery of KLR in hemocytes of soft-shell clams suggests that hemocytes may have functional resemblance to NK cells.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Identification and expression of immune-related genes in hemocytes of soft-shell clams, Mya arenaria, challenged with Vibrio splendidus

Araya

Markham

Mateo

et al. 2010

Fish & Shellfish Immunology

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Identification and expression of immune-related genes in hemocytes of soft-shell clams, Mya arenaria, challenged with Vibrio splendidus

Araya

Markham

Mateo

et al. 2010

Fish & Shellfish Immunology

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“…Proliferating lymphocyte-like hemocytes accumulate around incompatible transplants in Styelid ascidians, apparently mediating graft rejection through cytotoxic destruction of allogenic tissue. Cytotoxic activity has also been demonstrated by hemocytes from other styelid ascidians (21), H. roretzi (39) and Ciona intestinalis (20,25,26). Styelin D is cytotoxic, a property implicating the polypeptide as a mediator of allogenic cytotoxicity in S. clava (19).…”

Section: Fig 4 Sequence and Mass Spectrum Obtained From The Ms/ms Omentioning

confidence: 98%

Styelin D, an Extensively Modified Antimicrobial Peptide from Ascidian Hemocytes

Taylor¹,

Craig²,

Fischer³

et al. 2000

Journal of Biological Chemistry

105

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We isolated styelin D, a 32-residue, C-terminally amidated antimicrobial peptide, from the blood cells (hemocytes) of the solitary ascidian, Styela clava. Styelin D had remarkably extensive post-translational modifications, containing two novel amino acids, dihydroxyarginine and dihydroxylysine, and two distinctly unusual ones, 6-bromotryptophan and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine. In addition, the peptide exhibited microheterogeneity because of differential mono-and dihydroxylation of several lysine residues. Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, and this activity was retained in 200 mM NaCl. The role of the extensive modifications may be to preserve activity at low pH and/or high salinity because, under these conditions, the native peptide was considerably more active against the Gram-positive bacterial strains than its unmodified synthetic analogue. The peptide was also hemolytic and quite cytotoxic to eukaryotic cells. These broad ranging activities, combined with its relative abundance in ascidian hemocytes, suggest that styelin D plays a significant role in the innate immune mechanisms of S. clava.As primitive chordates, ascidians are excellent subjects for research into the evolution of vertebrate innate immunity. Although ascidians lack the immunoglobins and T cell receptors found in higher vertebrates, their hemocytes can recognize and destroy foreign materials such as antigens or non-selftissues that penetrate their tunic or contact their internal tissues (1). In certain ascidian species, vacuolated cells (including the berry-shaped morula cells) contain hemagglutinin (2, 3) and proteases (4, 5). The morula cells of Halocynthia roretzi contain halocyamines (tetrapeptides containing L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA) 1 and a 6-bromoindole) that are active against Gram-positive bacteria, fungi, marine bacteria, and some fish RNA viruses (6, 7). Phenoloxidase, perhaps acting in concert with DOPA-derived metabolites and proteins (8 -10), may also be a critical player in cellular defenses. Two families of antimicrobial polypeptides, clavanins and styelins, were identified from hemocytes of the stolidobranch ascidian, Styela clava. The former are histidine-rich, ␣-helical polypeptides with 23 amino acid residues and C-terminal amidation (11). The latter are phenylalanine-rich peptides with 32 amino acid residues (12). Whereas styelins demonstrated a broad pH optimum in killing bacteria, the clavanins showed optimal antibacterial activity at pH 5.5. The initial 20 amino acid residues of styelins A and B were sequenced and indicated an unusual structure consisting of several unidentified amino acid residues and hydroxylysine residues that are common only in collagen-like polypeptides. Although they were not specifically identified, the absorbancy of styelins at 280 nm suggested that methylated or otherwise modified tyrosine residues were present.Amino acid sequences corresponding to both the clavanins and styelins were identified using partial sequences and a cDNA library prepared from hemopoietic pharyngeal t...

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“…Like all complex invertebrates, tunicates exhibit the capacity for cell mediated (e.g. cytotoxicity (parrinello and Arizza 1992; Parrinello et al 1993;Parrinello and Cooper 1994;Peddie and Smith 1993;) and humoral immunity (e.g. lectins, Olafsen 1996), and the production and secretion of soluble molecules which inactivate particulate antigens.…”

Section: Tunicate Models Are Feasible With Respect To Vertebrate Immumentioning

confidence: 99%

Immunodefense in Tunicates: Cells and Molecules

Cooper

Parrinello

2001

The Biology of Ascidians

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Summary. There are several reasons for analyzing tunicate immune systems. First, they can be established as primitive models for understanding fundamental immunological mechanisms by analyzing their individual cells and molecular products either in vivo or in vitro. Discovered mechanisms could provide alternatives to traditional (vertebrate) mammalian (mouse, rat) and emerging models (fish, amphibian reptile) in answering basic questions concerning immunity and disease in protochordates, the ancestors of vertebrates. Second in vitro, biochemical, immunochemical, and serological analyses coupled with molecular approaches are useful as we search for common molecules (e.g. markers of lymphocyte-like cells) essential in identifying the details of immune defense responses. Third, tunicates exhibit the capacity for cell mediated immunity (e.g. histo-incompatibility, cytotoxicity) and humoral immunity the synthesis and secretion of soluble molecules which inactivate particulate antigens (e.g. lectins, defensins, cytokine-like molecules).

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In vitro spontaneous cytotoxic activity against mammalian target cells by the hemocytes of the solitary ascidian, Ciona intestinalis

Cited by 49 publications

References 22 publications

Identification and expression of immune-related genes in hemocytes of soft-shell clams, Mya arenaria, challenged with Vibrio splendidus

Identification and expression of immune-related genes in hemocytes of soft-shell clams, Mya arenaria, challenged with Vibrio splendidus

Styelin D, an Extensively Modified Antimicrobial Peptide from Ascidian Hemocytes

Immunodefense in Tunicates: Cells and Molecules

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