In vitro studies on the regulation of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) macrophage respiratory burst activity

Novoa, Beatriz; Figueras, António; Ashton, Ian P.; Secombes, Christopher J.

doi:10.1016/0145-305x(96)00011-0

Cited by 67 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…In salmonids, PGE 2 is reported to exert an immunosuppressive action (47)(48)(49), as confirmed by our in vitro assay, where a short exposure to PGE 2 caused a moderate inflammatory type of response, with suppression of trout IFN-␥ 1 , m/sIgT, mIgM, and ␥IP transcription, possibly indicating an impairment of adaptive responses. When cells were exposed to PGE 2 and S. parasitica cell wall-derived glucans, the suppression of IFN-␥ 1 and ␥IP was maintained and a stronger induction of proinflammatory genes occurred, as seen with IL-6, IL-8, IL-17A/F 1 , and COX-2.…”

Section: Figmentioning

confidence: 49%

Role of Pathogen-Derived Cell Wall Carbohydrates and Prostaglandin E ₂ in Immune Response and Suppression of Fish Immunity by the Oomycete Saprolegnia parasitica

et al. 2014

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e Saprolegnia parasitica is a freshwater oomycete that is capable of infecting several species of fin fish. Saprolegniosis, the disease caused by this microbe, has a substantial impact on Atlantic salmon aquaculture. No sustainable treatment against saprolegniosis is available, and little is known regarding the host response. In this study, we examined the immune response of Atlantic salmon to S. parasitica infection and to its cell wall carbohydrates. Saprolegnia triggers a strong inflammatory response in its host (i.e., induction of interleukin-1␤ 1 [IL-1␤ 1 ], IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor alpha), while severely suppressing the expression of genes associated with adaptive immunity in fish, through downregulation of T-helper cell cytokines, antigen presentation machinery, and immunoglobulins. Oomycete cell wall carbohydrates were recognized by fish leukocytes, triggering upregulation of genes involved in the inflammatory response, similar to what is observed during infection. Our data suggest that S. parasitica is capable of producing prostaglanding E 2 (PGE 2 ) in vitro, a metabolite not previously shown to be produced by oomycetes, and two proteins with homology to vertebrate enzymes known to play a role in prostaglandin biosynthesis have been identified in the oomycete genome. Exogenous PGE 2 was shown to increase the inflammatory response in fish leukocytes incubated with cell wall carbohydrates while suppressing genes involved in cellular immunity (gamma interferon [IFN-␥] and the IFN-␥-inducible protein [␥-IP]). Inhibition of S. parasitica zoospore germination and mycelial growth by two cyclooxygenase inhibitors (aspirin and indomethacin) also suggests that prostaglandins may be involved in oomycete development.

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Section: Figmentioning

confidence: 49%

Role of Pathogen-Derived Cell Wall Carbohydrates and Prostaglandin E ₂ in Immune Response and Suppression of Fish Immunity by the Oomycete Saprolegnia parasitica

et al. 2014

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“…It has been shown elsewhere for fish that exogenous molecules can modulate macrophage activity and also can act synergistically or antagonistically to influence the overall outcome for the cell function (24).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of Immunomodulatory Effects of Lactic Acid Bacteria in Turbot (Scophthalmus maximus)

Villamil

Tafalla

Figueras

et al. 2002

Clin Vaccine Immunol

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In the present work, the effects of several lactic acid bacteria on the immune response of turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) macrophages have been studied both in vitro and in vivo. Out of six lactic acid bacterial strains tested, only heat-killed Lactococcus lactis significantly increased the turbot head kidney macrophage chemiluminescent (CL) response after 24 h of incubation. Nitric oxide (NO) was also significantly enhanced by this bacterium after 72 h of incubation with either viable (10 3 and 10 6 cells/ml) or heat-killed (10 6 cells/ml) bacteria. Viable Leuconostoc mesenteroides (10 6 cells/ml) was also capable of significantly increasing NO production. Since L. lactis proved to be the strain with more effects on the host immune function, further in vivo and in vitro experiments were conducted with this bacterium. The in vitro capacity of L. lactis to adhere to turbot intestinal mucus was positively confirmed. When orally administered, L. lactis significantly increased the macrophage CL response and the serum NO concentration after 7 days of daily administration. The antibacterial effect of the extracellular products from the six LAB strains against the fish-pathogenic bacterium Vibrio anguillarum was also demonstrated in vitro.The increased intensification of aquaculture has led to a high number of disease outbreaks with an increasing range of pathogens. Consequently, the extensive use of broad-spectrum antibiotics in aquaculture has led, as in other fields, to drug resistance problems (32). In order to improve health and welfare in the rearing of these animals, several alternatives such as improved husbandry, nutrition, and water quality; lower stocking densities; and use of vaccines, nonspecific immunostimulants (7), and bacterial probiotics such as lactic acid bacteria (LAB) (9, 26) have been proposed.Probiotics are defined as microbial dietary adjuvants that beneficially affect the host physiology by modulating mucosal and systemic immunity, as well as improving nutritional and microbial balance in the intestinal tract (23).The role of LAB within the digestive tract of endothermic animals and humans has been extensively studied (14,18,28), while only a few studies have demonstrated that LAB are part of the normal intestinal microflora in larvae and juvenile fish (25). Most studies with probiotics conducted to date with fish have been undertaken with strains isolated and selected from aquatic environments and cultured animals. The main bacteria tested belonged to the genera Bacillus, Vibrio, and Pseudomonas (9, 22). Few authors have tested in vivo the protection conferred by probiotics in fish experimentally infected with pathogens. Gastesoupe (8) found that the Lactobacillus or Carnobacterium strain isolated from rotifers increased the resistance of turbot larvae against a pathogenic Vibrio sp. Gildberg et al. (10) demonstrated that Carnobacterium divergens decreased the mortality rate of Atlantic cod fry challenged with Vibrio anguillarum but not the mortality of salmon fry challenged with Aeromonas hy...

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“…The concentrations of MacroGard ® utilised corresponded to concentrations used in other investigations involving different experimental animals for example, 1 -200 µg/ml for mouse macrophages [26], 100 -800 µg/ml for porcine leucocytes [27], 1 µg/ml for macrophages of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) [28], and 0.5 -500 µg/ml for the phagocytes of turbot (Psetta maxima), gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) [29] and 500 µg/ml in carp (Cyprinus carpio) [21]. A pronephric cell suspension was prepared using a modification of the procedure described by Verburg-van Kemenade and coworkers [30].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Time and concentration dependency of MacroGard® induced apoptosis

Miest

Hoole

2015

Fish & Shellfish Immunology

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In previous studies an effect of β-glucan on apoptosis in fish was noted and in this investigation we determine the time and concentration dependency of this effect. Primary cell cultures of pronephric carp cells were incubated for 6, 24, 48 h with various concentrations ranging from 0 -1000 μg/ml of MacroGard ® β-glucan. Apoptosis was monitored via acridine orange staining. Results indicate a clear effect of time and concentration on the induction of apoptosis in vitro, with only concentration ≥ 500 μg/ml causing significantly higher percentages of apoptotic cells. Apoptosis was detected after 6 h. This concentration dependent effect has to be considered when studying apoptosis in relation to immunostimulation.

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In vitro studies on the regulation of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) macrophage respiratory burst activity

Cited by 67 publications

References 24 publications

Role of Pathogen-Derived Cell Wall Carbohydrates and Prostaglandin E ₂ in Immune Response and Suppression of Fish Immunity by the Oomycete Saprolegnia parasitica

Role of Pathogen-Derived Cell Wall Carbohydrates and Prostaglandin E ₂ in Immune Response and Suppression of Fish Immunity by the Oomycete Saprolegnia parasitica

Evaluation of Immunomodulatory Effects of Lactic Acid Bacteria in Turbot (Scophthalmus maximus)

Time and concentration dependency of MacroGard® induced apoptosis

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In vitro studies on the regulation of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) macrophage respiratory burst activity

Cited by 67 publications

References 24 publications

Role of Pathogen-Derived Cell Wall Carbohydrates and Prostaglandin E 2 in Immune Response and Suppression of Fish Immunity by the Oomycete Saprolegnia parasitica

Role of Pathogen-Derived Cell Wall Carbohydrates and Prostaglandin E 2 in Immune Response and Suppression of Fish Immunity by the Oomycete Saprolegnia parasitica

Evaluation of Immunomodulatory Effects of Lactic Acid Bacteria in Turbot (Scophthalmus maximus)

Time and concentration dependency of MacroGard® induced apoptosis

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Role of Pathogen-Derived Cell Wall Carbohydrates and Prostaglandin E ₂ in Immune Response and Suppression of Fish Immunity by the Oomycete Saprolegnia parasitica

Role of Pathogen-Derived Cell Wall Carbohydrates and Prostaglandin E ₂ in Immune Response and Suppression of Fish Immunity by the Oomycete Saprolegnia parasitica