Inactivation effect and protective barriers damage caused to Shewanella putrefaciens by stable chlorine dioxide combined with slightly acidic electrolyzed water

Abstract

The present study investigated the inactivation effect and mechanism of stable chlorine dioxide (ClO 2 ) combined with slightly acidic electrolyzed water (SAEW) against Shewanella putrefaciens (S. putrefaciens). The inactivation effect of ClO 2 combined with SAEW against S. putrefaciens was evaluated by the growth curve.The changes in alkaline phosphatase (AKP) activity, transmembrane electrical potential, Na + K + -ATPase activity, confocal laser scanning micrographs (CLSM), β-galactosidase activity, nucleic acid and protein release, respiratory chain dehydrogenase activity, fluorescence spectra, and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) were measured to evaluate the inactivation mechanism.Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to observe the morphology of bacterial cells. The results showed that S. putrefaciens was effectively inactivated after single and combined treatments of ClO 2 and SAEW, and the inactivation effect of combined treatment was the best. The cell wall and cell membrane of bacteria were destroyed by ClO 2 and SAEW, resulting in the release of nucleic acid, protein, AKP, and β-galactosidase. The results of transmembrane electrical potential, Na + K + -ATPase activity, and FT-IR further showed that ClO 2 and SAEW could change cell membrane permeability and destroy cell structural proteins. The results of fluorescence spectra indicated that ClO 2 and SAEW could bind to the DNA of S. putrefaciens. The results of SEM further proved the destructive effects of ClO 2 and SAEW on the bacterial morphology. Therefore, ClO 2 combined with SAEW has the potential to become a preservation method of aquatic products. Novelty impact statement:• This article explored the inactivation effect and inactivation mechanism of single and combined treatments of ClO 2 and SAEW on Shewanella putrefaciens.• ClO 2 combined with SAEW had a synergistic effect on the instantaneous inactivation of S. putrefaciens.• ClO 2 combined with SAEW mainly destructed the protective barriers of bacteria and the ORP of SAEW had an important effect on the transmembrane potential of bacteria.

Stable chlorine dioxide combined with slightly acidic electrolyzed water: an effective way to delay protein deterioration of refrigerated large yellow croaker (Pseudosciaena crocea)

“…Figure 6b also further illustrated the change process of MPs of large yellow croaker during cold storage. However, in our previous study, it has been proved that the ClO 2 and SAEW could significantly inhibit the growth of Shewanella putrefaciens by destroying the bacterial protective barriers (Zhao et al ., 2022). Apart from this, in our current research, it was also confirmed that the inhibition of ClO 2 and SAEW on endogenous protease.…”

Insight into the antibacterial activity and mechanism of allicin and antioxidant of bamboo leaves against Shewanella putrefaciens

“…As shown in Fig. 1a, the growth curve of S. putrefaciens in the CK group was “S‐type” growth, and the growth curve began to increase after 2 h of culture, entered the logarithmic growth phase, then grew rapidly and the OD 600nm significantly ( P < 0.05) increased to 0.94 when it was cultured for 14 h, which is consistent with previous study (Zhao et al ., 2022). The OD 600nm of the CK group was higher than those of other groups.…”

“…This result was highly similar to the results of CLSM and the nucleic acid and protein leakage, which indicates that All and AOB can effectively disrupt the cell membrane integrity of S. putrefaciens , thereby increasing the extravasation of intracellular Na + /K + ‐ATPase. Similar results were obtained in a previous study by treating S. putrefaciens with slightly acidic electrolyzed water and stable ClO 2 (Zhao et al ., 2022).…”

“…The CLSM of S. putrefaciens cell was determined as described previously (Zhao et al ., 2022). The treated bacterial suspensions were stained with 1.5 m m propidium iodide (PI) for 30 min in the dark and the mixture was washed with 5 m m HEPES buffer (pH 7.0), then observed and imagined with CLSM (TCS SP8, Leica, Wetzlar, Germany).…”

Contribution of chitosan–caffeic acid graft against Staphylococcus aureus on oxidative stress and cell membrane

“…In order to further determine the damage degree to cell membrane of S. aureus treated with CS‐g‐CA, bacteria were stained with PI dye and observed by CLSM. PI is a fluorescent probe inserted into DNA, which can only penetrate bacterial cells with damaged cell membranes, and combined with nucleic acid and emitted red fluorescence (Zhao et al, 2022). A few cells of the CK group were dyed red (Figure 1c).…”