Inborn Errors in the LRR Domain of Nod2 and Their Potential Consequences on the Function of the Receptor

Alipoor, Shamila D.; Mirsaeidi, Mehdi

doi:10.3390/cells10082031

Cited by 8 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 104 publications

(109 reference statements)

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“…Our data revealed that NOD2 was upregulated in the maternal lymph node during early pregnancy, and the NOD2 protein was located in the subcapsular sinus and lymph sinuses. NOD2 can recognize danger signals in the cells and plays an essential role in maintaining the innate immune response [ 40 ]. First trimester trophoblast cells express NOD2 that contribute to recognizing and responding to invasive intracellular pathogens [ 41 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Early Pregnancy Modulates Expression of the Nod-like Receptor Family in Lymph Nodes of Ewes

Zhao

Cao

et al. 2022

Animals

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NOD receptors (NLRs) mediate adaptive immune responses and immune tolerance. Nevertheless, it is not clear if gestation modulates the NLR signaling pathway in lymph nodes of ewes. In this study, lymph nodes of ewes were collected at day 16 of the estrous cycle, and at days 13, 16 and 25 of gestation (n = 6 for each group). RT-qPCR, Western blot and immunohistochemistry analysis were used to analyze the expression of the NLR family, including NOD1, NOD2, CIITA, NAIP, NLRP1, NLRP3 and NLRP7. The data showed that early gestation enhanced expression of NOD1, CIITA, NLRP1, NLRP3 and NLRP7 mRNA, as well as proteins at day 16 of gestation, and the expression levels of NOD2, CIITA, NLRP1 and NLRP7 were higher at days 13 and 25 of gestation than day 16 of the estrous cycle. However, NOD1 expression was lower on days 13 and 25 of gestation compared to day 16 of the estrous cycle, and early gestation suppressed NAIP expression. In summary, early pregnancy modulated expression of the NLR family in ovine lymph nodes, which participates in immune regulation, and this modulation may be necessary for pregnancy establishment in ewes.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Early Pregnancy Modulates Expression of the Nod-like Receptor Family in Lymph Nodes of Ewes

Zhao

Cao

et al. 2022

Animals

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“…However, during infection with M.tb , the bacteria perturb the host metabolism by inducing a metabolic switch toward aerobic glycolysis in CD14+ monocytes or CD3+ T cells isolated from human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). The metabolic shift was dependent on TLR2 and was facilitated by the activation of the AKT-mTOR (mammalian target of rapamycin) pathway ( Lachmandas et al., 2016 ; Alipoor and Mirsaeidi, 2021 ). Regarding the presence and importance of EVs surface TLR ligands, it can be expected that these EVs could induce reprogramming of metabolic pathways in the recipient cells.…”

Section: The Mechanisms Of Evs In Modulation Of Immune Responses Duri...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Significance of extracellular vesicles in orchestration of immune responses in Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection

Alipoor,

Elieh-Ali-Komi

2024

Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol.

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Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb), the causative agent of Tuberculosis, is an intracellular bacterium well known for its ability to subvert host energy and metabolic pathways to maintain its intracellular survival. For this purpose, the bacteria utilize various mechanisms of which extracellular vehicles (EVs) related mechanisms attracted more attention. EVs are nanosized particles that are released by almost all cell types containing active biomolecules from the cell of origin and can target bioactive pathways in the recipient cells upon uptake. It is hypothesized that M.tb dictates the processes of host EV biogenesis pathways, selectively incorporating its molecules into the host EV to direct immune responses in its favor. During infection with Mtb, both mycobacteria and host cells release EVs. The composition of these EVs varies over time, influenced by the physiological and nutritional state of the host environment. Additionally, different EV populations contribute differently to the pathogenesis of disease at various stages of illness participating in a complex interplay between host cells and pathogens. These interactions ultimately influence immune responses and disease outcomes. However, the precise mechanisms and roles of EVs in pathogenicity and disease outcomes remain to be fully elucidated. In this review, we explored the properties and function of EVs in the context of M.tb infection within the host microenvironment and discussed their capacity as a novel therapeutic strategy to combat tuberculosis.

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“…PRR sensors recognize a broad pattern of PAMP antigens and play an essential role in developing innate and adaptative immune responses. The best-known PRR sensors that PAMP activates are classified in 4 families: (i) Toll-like receptors (TLR), (ii) retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I)-like receptors (RLRs) that includes RIG I, melanoma-associated differentiating protein 5 (MDSA5), and Laboratory of Genetics and Physiology 2 (LGP 2) (iii) NOD-like receptors family (NLR) (NOD- nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain), and (iv) C-type lectin sensors ( 7 , 8 ). After recognizing the danger signals, the cell activates the molecular effectors mediating the aggression response.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Role of interferons in the antiviral battle: from virus-host crosstalk to prophylactic and therapeutic potential in SARS-CoV-2 infection

Mihaescu,

Chifiriuc,

Filip

et al. 2024

Front. Immunol.

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Mammalians sense antigenic messages from infectious agents that penetrate the respiratory and digestive epithelium, as well as signals from damaged host cells through membrane and cytosolic receptors. The transduction of these signals triggers a personalized response, depending on the nature of the stimulus and the host’s genetics, physiological condition, and comorbidities. Interferons (IFNs) are the primary effectors of the innate immune response, and their synthesis is activated in most cells within a few hours after pathogen invasion. IFNs are primarily synthesized in infected cells, but their anti-infective effect is extended to the neighboring cells by autocrine and paracrine action. The emergence of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) pandemic in 2019 was a stark reminder of the potential threat posed by newly emerging viruses. This pandemic has also triggered an overwhelming influx of research studies aiming to unveil the mechanisms of protective versus pathogenic host immune responses induced by SARS‐CoV‐2. The purpose of this review is to describe the role of IFNs as vital players in the battle against SARS‐CoV-2 infection. We will briefly characterize and classify IFNs, present the inductors of IFN synthesis, their sensors, and signaling pathways, and then discuss the role of IFNs in controlling the evolution of SARS-CoV-2 infection and its clinical outcome. Finally, we will present the perspectives and controversies regarding the prophylactic and therapeutic potential of IFNs in SARS-CoV-2 infection.

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Inborn Errors in the LRR Domain of Nod2 and Their Potential Consequences on the Function of the Receptor

Cited by 8 publications

References 104 publications

Early Pregnancy Modulates Expression of the Nod-like Receptor Family in Lymph Nodes of Ewes

Early Pregnancy Modulates Expression of the Nod-like Receptor Family in Lymph Nodes of Ewes

Significance of extracellular vesicles in orchestration of immune responses in Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection

Role of interferons in the antiviral battle: from virus-host crosstalk to prophylactic and therapeutic potential in SARS-CoV-2 infection

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