Incidence and Etiology of Infantile Diarrhea and Major Routes of Transmission in Huascar, Peru

Black, Robert E.; Roma, Guiller∼O Lopez De; Brown, Kenneth H.; Bravo, N.; Bazalar, Oscar Grados; Kanashtro, Hilary Creed

doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a115193

Cited by 235 publications

(167 citation statements)

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“…Additionally, given the increased risk of infection (Black et al . 1989), efforts should be made to reduce the high rates of bottle feeding among infants and young children in Kathmandu Valley.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

High consumption of commercial food products among children less than 24 months of age and product promotion in Kathmandu Valley, Nepal

Pries

Huffman

Adhikary

et al. 2016

Maternal & Child Nutrition

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Commercially produced complementary foods can help improve nutritional status of young children if they are appropriately fortified and of optimal nutrient composition. However, other commercially produced snack food products may be nutritionally detrimental, potentially increasing consumption of foods high in salt or sugar and displacing consumption of other more nutritious options. Helen Keller International, in collaboration with the Nepal government, implemented a study to assess mothers' utilization of commercial food products for child feeding and exposure to commercial promotions for these products. A cross‐sectional survey was conducted among 309 mothers of children less than 24 months of age across 15 health facilities. Utilization of breastmilk substitutes was low, having been consumed by 6.2% of children 0–5 months of age and 7.5% of children 6–23 months of age. Approximately one‐fourth (24.6%) of children 6–23 months age had consumed a commercially produced complementary food in the prior day. Twenty‐eight percent of mothers reported observing a promotion for breastmilk substitutes, and 20.1% reported promotions for commercially produced complementary foods. Consumption of commercially produced snack food products was high at 74.1% of children 6–23 months. Promotions for these same commercially produced snack food products were highly prevalent in Kathmandu Valley, reported by 85.4% of mothers. In order to improve diets during the complementary feeding period, development of national standards for complementary food products is recommended. Nutritious snack options should be promoted for the complementary feeding period; consumption of commercially produced snack food products high in sugar and salt and low in nutrients should be discouraged.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

High consumption of commercial food products among children less than 24 months of age and product promotion in Kathmandu Valley, Nepal

Pries

Huffman

Adhikary

et al. 2016

Maternal & Child Nutrition

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“…[3][4][5][6][7][8][9] Contaminated municipal water supplies have been implicated in disease transmission in diarrheal outbreaks around the world. 6,[8][9][10][11][12][13] However, few studies to date have evaluated the burden and routes of transmission of enteric diseases in relatively developed countries with suboptimal sanitary infrastructure, such as the newly independent Central Asian States. Our analysis of disease transmission in Nukus reveals that in this case the endemic disease burden is caused primarily by contaminated public water supply rather than by poor sanitation, poor hygiene practices, or other causes.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Water distribution system and diarrheal disease transmission: a case study in Uzbekistan.

Semenza¹,

Roberts²,

Henderson³

et al. 1998

Am J Trop Med Hyg

188

159

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Abstract. Deteriorating water treatment facilities and distribution systems pose a significant public health threat, particularly in republics of the former Soviet Union. Interventions to decrease the disease burden associated with these water systems range from upgrading distribution networks to installing reverse osmosis technology. To provide insight into this decision process, we conducted a randomized intervention study to provide epidemiologic data for water policy decisions in Nukus, Uzbekistan, where drinking water quality is suboptimal. We interviewed residents of 240 households, 120 with and 120 without access to municipal piped water. Residents of 62 households without piped water were trained to chlorinate their drinking water at home in a narrow-necked water container with a spout. All study subjects (1583 individuals) were monitored biweekly for self-reported diarrheal illness over a period of 9.5 weeks. The home chlorination intervention group had the lowest diarrheal rate (28.8/1,000 subjects/month) despite lack of access to piped water in their homes. Compared with the two groups that did not receive the intervention this rate was one-sixth that of the group with no piped water (179.2/1,000 subjects/month) and one-third that of the households with piped water (75.5/1,000 subjects/month). More than 30% of the households with piped water lacked detectable levels of chlorine residues in their drinking water, despite two-stage chlorination of the source water, and were at increased risk of diarrhea. Forty-two percent of these municipal users reported that water pressure had been intermittent within the previous two days. The dramatic reduction in diarrheal rates in the home-chlorination intervention group indicates that a large proportion of diarrheal diseases in Nukus are water-borne. The home-chlorination group had less diarrhea than the group with piped water, implicating the distribution system as a source of disease transmission. Taken together, these epidemiologic data would support the hypothesis that diarrhea in the piped water group could be attributed to cross-contamination between the municipal water supply and sewer, due to leaky pipes and lack of water pressure. Relatively inexpensive steps, including chlorination, maintaining water pressure, and properly maintaining the distribution system, rather than reverse osmosis technology, should reduce diarrheal rates.

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“…Acredita-se que mais da metade dos episódios de diarréia em crianças menores de 5 anos esteja associada à alimentação da criança 49 , com os alimentos complementares exercendo um importante papel na transmissão das doenças diarréicas 50 .…”

Section: Práticas De Higiene Dos Alimentos Complementaresunclassified

Complementary feeding

Giugliani¹,

Victoria²

2000

J Pediatr (Rio J)

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Objective: To present an up-to-date review about complementary feeding in infants and children under 2 years old.Methods: Relevant materials from scientific journals, technical books and publications of international organizations were reviewed. The most important source of data was a publication by the World Health Organization resulting from the meeting about complementary feeding carried out in Montpellier, France, in December 1995.Results: In recent years, new knowledge about the ideal way of feeding young children made obsolete many concepts and practices used for a long time. The value of exclusive breast-feeding during the first months of life and the introduction of timely and adequate complementary feeding has been recognized. Complementary food is any nutritious food, solid or liquid, other than breast milk given to the breastfed children. The introduction of complementary foods is recommended around 6 months of life. These foods should be rich in energy, proteins and micronutrients, without contamination, easy for the child to eat, and in adequate amounts. When advising a healthy diet it should be taken in consideration the availability and access of the foods as well as cultural values.Conclusion: Health professionals have an important role for the improvement of children's nutrition. For that, it is necessary that those responsible for the children receive adequate counseling and become aware of the importance of good nutrition for both present and future health. ResumoObjetivo: Apresentar uma revisão atualizada sobre a alimentação complementar de crianças nos primeiros 2 anos de vida.Métodos: Foram utilizados materiais relevantes sobre o tópico oriundos de revistas científicas, livros técnicos e publicações de organismos internacionais. A fonte mais importante de dados foi a publicação da Organização Mundial da Saúde resultante da reunião sobre alimentação complementar realizada em Montpellier, França, em dezembro de 1995.Resultados: Nos últimos anos, novos conhecimentos sobre a alimentação ideal da criança pequena tornaram obsoletos muitos conceitos e práticas preconizados por muito tempo. Tem sido reconhecida a importância da amamentação exclusiva nos primeiros meses de vida e a introdução de alimentos complementares adequados em tempo oportuno. Por alimento complementar entende-se qualquer alimento nutritivo, sólido -ou líquido, diferente do leite materno, oferecido à criança amamentada. Recomenda-se a introdução dos alimentos complementares em torno dos 6 meses de vida. Esses devem ser ricos em energia, proteínas e micronutrientes, isentos de contaminação, com consistência adequada para a idade e em quantidade apropriada. Na orientação de uma dieta saudável, deve-se levar em conta também a disponibilidade dos alimentos, sua acessibilidade e os valores culturais.Conclusão: Os profissionais de saúde têm um papel relevante na melhoria da nutrição das crianças. Para isso, é necessário que os responsáveis pelas crianças sejam aconselhados adequadamente e conscientizados quanto à importância...

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Incidence and Etiology of Infantile Diarrhea and Major Routes of Transmission in Huascar, Peru

Cited by 235 publications

References 0 publications

High consumption of commercial food products among children less than 24 months of age and product promotion in Kathmandu Valley, Nepal

High consumption of commercial food products among children less than 24 months of age and product promotion in Kathmandu Valley, Nepal

Water distribution system and diarrheal disease transmission: a case study in Uzbekistan.

Complementary feeding

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