“…Source : Cao, 2012;Xiao and Cao, 2021;Zhang et al, 2022;Rao and Wang, 2021;Kou, 2020. The BIM workflow encompasses various phases of construction projects, including planning, design, construction, and operation management, catering to the needs of owners, designers, units in charge of construction, consultants, and supervisors. The BIM-based IPD model is an integrated process developed based on consultation, design, construction, operation, and project information, as shown in Figure 3.…”