Increase in scrotal temperature in laptop computer users

Sheynkin, Yefim; Jung, Michael J.; Yoo, Peter S.; Schulsinger, David A.; Komaroff, Eugene

doi:10.1093/humrep/deh616

Cited by 106 publications

(61 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…Exposure for a long time on a laptop will increase the scrotal temperature and have a negative impact on sperm parameters [34]. Furthermore, using cell phones has been noted to have an adverse effect on male fertility due to decreased semen quality which paralleled of daily exposure to cell phones [35].…”

Section: Electronic Devicesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Risk Factors and Causes of Male Infertility-A Review

Mahat¹,

Arora²

2016

Biochem Anal Biochem

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Infertility is defined as inability to achieve conception in a period of one year in a couple, despite regular and adequate unprotected sexual intercourse. A male is said to be infertile if he is unable to impregnate his partner after one year of unprotected intercourse. It is an important medical and social problem in the world as regards 15% of couples are infertile and 40% are infertile because of male factor infertility. This review highlights the risk factors and some causes that are responsible for male infertility. The aim of this review is to generate information which could help in the evaluation of male infertility.

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Section: Electronic Devicesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Risk Factors and Causes of Male Infertility-A Review

Mahat¹,

Arora²

2016

Biochem Anal Biochem

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“…Varicocele and undescended testis are well-recognised causes of male infertility associated with abnormal spermatogenesis, but lifestyle factors such as the taking of hot baths, sauna use, wearing tight fitting underpants and prolonged sedentary occupations all conspire to raise scrotal skin temperature. Modern man is now at risk from the effects of the use of laptop computers actually positioned on laps when in use (8). Scrotal skin temperatures are significantly increased after 15 min of laptop usage and within 1 h of usage the external undersurface of the laptop can reach 40 8C.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Factors controlling testis descent

Hughes¹,

Acerini²

2008

European Journal of Endocrinology

142

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Descent of the testis from an intra-abdominal site in foetal life to an extracorporeal location after birth is a mandatory developmental process to ensure that the mature testis promotes normal spermatogenesis. The two phases of transabdominal and inguinoscrotal descent occur approximately during the first and last thirds of gestation respectively. Key anatomical events to release the testis from its urogenital ridge location and to guide the free gonad into the scrotum are the degeneration of the cranio-suspensory ligament and a thickening of the gubernaculum. Androgens play a role in both these processes, particularly with respect to enabling the testis to traverse the inguinal canal in the final phase of descent. Experiments in animals suggest that androgens mediate this effect via the release of calcitonin gene-related peptide by the genitofemoral nerve, but direct evidence for such a mechanism is lacking in humans. The transabdominal phase of descent is under the control of insulinlike 3 (INSL3), a product of the Leydig cells. Definitive evidence of its role in rodent testis descent is illustrated by the phenotype of bilateral cryptorchidism in Insl3K/K null mice. Circulating levels of INSL3 are higher in boys at puberty, are undetectable in girls and are lower in boys with undescended testes. A minority also have a mutation either in the INSL3 gene or affecting its receptor gene, relaxin/insulin-like family peptide receptor 2 (LGRF8). Other factors that may play a role in testis descent include the anti-Mullerian hormone and members of the HOX gene family. Evidence that the prevalence of undescended testis may be increasing provides a phenotypic readout for the effects of postulated chemicals in the environment interfering in some way with the action of factors that control testis descent. Epidemiological studies point to profound geographical variations in prevalence in countries such as Denmark and Finland. Associations have been found with levels of chemicals labelled as endocrine disruptors being higher in breast milk samples from mothers with cryptorchid boys when compared with controls. The adverse effects of these compounds (e.g. bisphenol A) can be replicated in the offspring of dams exposed during pregnancy. A sensitive marker of an anti-androgen effect of a compound is a reduction in the anogenital distance, an anthropometric measurement that is significantly greater in males compared with females. The observation of an association between the anogenital distance in infant boys and the level of pesticides in the urine of their mothers in late gestation indicates that this has the potential to be a useful surrogate marker of the effects of environmental chemicals on testis descent in human population studies. The rightful place for the testis at birth is in the scrotum in order to provide the temperature differential essential for normal spermatogenesis. Appropriate screening programmes and early surgical intervention are the prerequisites to ensure optimal fertility in adulthood and a con...

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“…Hipertermi vücut ısısının 41°C ya da daha yüksek bir değere erişmesidir (1,2). Son yıllarda gelişen teknolojiyle birlikte dizüstü bilgisayar, uzun süreli araba ve çocuklarda plastik içerikli bezlerin kullanılmasıyla oluşan hipertermi sonucu infertilitenin arttığı belirtilmiştir (25). Normal spermatogenezis vücut ısısından 2°C-3°C düşük ortamda oluştuğundan, erkek genital sistem hipertermiden en çok etkilenen dokulardan sayılabilir.…”

Section: Discussionunclassified

Hipertermide Duktus Epididimis Yapisi

Yurtcu¹

2014

GMJ

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ÖZETAmaç: Hipertermi; vücut ısısının 41°C'ye ya da daha çok yükselmesi durumudur. Sıcak stresi duktus epididimis üzerinde çeşitli anomalilere neden olur. Super oksit dismutaz (SOD) ise oksidatif stresi engelleyebilen ve apopitotik süreci geri döndürebileceği düşünülen antioksidan bir maddedir. Bu nedenle çalışmamızda; hipertermi ile oluşturulan ısı stresinin ve stres öncesinde kullanılan SODun, duktus epididimis üzerindeki etkilerinin immünohistokimyasal olarak belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Yöntemler: Çalışmada Wistar-Albino cinsi erkek sıçanlar, her grupta 6 denek olacak şekilde 7 gruba ayrıldı. Hipertermi deneklerin 42°C'de sıcak su banyosuna 20 dakika bırakılmasıyla gerçekleştirildi. Kontrol grubu olarak belirlenen 1. grup, 22°C'de 20 dakika bekletilerek 24 saat sonra duktus epididimis dokuları alındı. 2, 4, 6. gruplara hipertermiden bir saat önce NaCl+Katalaz uygulandı, 2. grup hipertermiden 6 saat, 4. grup 24 saat ve 6. grup 72 saat sonra dokuları alındı. 3, 5, 7. gruplara hipertermiden bir saat önce NaCl+Katalaz+SOD uygulaması yapıldı. 3. grup hipertermiden 6 saat, 5. grubun 24 saat, 7. grubun 72 saat sonra dokuları alındı. Alınan dokulara, hiperterminin neden olduğu apoptozisi belirlemek için Kaspaz 9, Kaspaz 8 ile Kaspaz 3 protein yapılarına etkisinin belirlenebilmesi amacıyla HSP 70 primer antikorlarıyla indirekt immünohistokimyasal yöntem uygulanmıştır. Bulgular: Çalışmamızda morfolojik olarak bozuk spermiyum içeren lümenlerde Kaspaz 3 immunreaktivitesi belirlendi. Bu bulgu hipertermi etkisiyle testiste üretilen anormal spermiyumların, epididimise ulaşabildiklerini gösterdi. Bazı bölgelerde yuvarlak spermatit başlarının epitele yöneldiği ve sterosilyalar arasında sokulduğu saptandı. Bu yönelmenin Sertoli hücrelerince ortadan kaldırılamamış artık cisimleri ve bozulan spermiyumları fagosite eden esas hücrelerce düzenlenen bir mekanizma sonucu gerçekleştiği düşünüldü. Tüm Kaspazlar için SOD uygulamasının tutulumu azalttığı gözlendi. Sonuç: Skrotal ısı yükselmesinin duktus epididimiste olumsuz etkisini gösterdiği ve SOD' un süreye koşut artan HSP70 senteziyle apoptozisi baskılayabileceği sonucuna varıldı. ABSTRACTObjective: Hyperthermia is the condition of the body temperature rising at 41°C or more. Heat stres on ductus epididymis leads to abnormal spermium production and spermatogenesis. Hyperthermia induced oxidative stres and apopitosis can be blocked by superoxide dismutase (SOD). In this study we aimed to determine the protective effects of SOD on ductus epididymis at hyperthermic conditions by using apoptotic and oxidative stress markers Methods: Wistar Albino male rats were divided into seven groups. Every group has 6 rats. Control group (group 1) had set for 20 minutes in a pool which was 22° C temperature. On the 2 nd , 4 th , and 6 th groups NaCl + catalase were applied one hour before hyperthermia, and then the rats were abondoned in 42° C water bath for 20 minutes. After that tissue were taken at 6 th groups NaCl + catalase + SOD was applied one hour before hyperthermia and then the rats were a...

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Increase in scrotal temperature in laptop computer users

Cited by 106 publications

References 33 publications

Risk Factors and Causes of Male Infertility-A Review

Risk Factors and Causes of Male Infertility-A Review

Factors controlling testis descent

Hipertermide Duktus Epididimis Yapisi

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