Increased cases of influenza C virus in children and adults in Austria, 2022

Camp, Jeremy V.; Redlberger‐Fritz, Monika

doi:10.1002/jmv.28201

Cited by 5 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…9 Collectively, these analyses indicate that RSV continued to circulate during the period of little or no observed incidence, and global surveillance did not detect the genetic ancestors leading to the diversification of RSV-B due to low incidence. As 2020-2022 represented a time of increased vigilance in diagnostic testing for respiratory viruses 14 we hypothesize that transmission was occurring at a low rate, with a similar molecular clock estimate as reported by others. 7,9,15 It is possible that this represents asymptomatic transmission, or could represent an unsampled population.…”

Section: Rsv Whole-genome Sequencing and Phylogenetic Analysissupporting

confidence: 79%

Respiratory syncytial virus surge in 2022 caused by lineages already present before the COVID‐19 pandemic

Redlberger‐Fritz

Springer

Aberle

et al. 2023

Journal of Medical Virology

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In 2022, Austria experienced a severe respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) epidemic with an earlier-than-usual start (Weeks 35/2021-45/2022) and increased numbers of pediatric patients in emergency departments. This surge came 2 years after a season with no cases detected as a result of coronavirus disease 2019 nonpharmaceutical interventions. We analyzed epidemiologic patterns and the phylodynamics of RSV based on approximately 30 800 respiratory specimens collected year-round over 10 years from ambulatory and hospitalized patients from 248 locations in Austria. Genomic surveillance and phylogenetic analysis of 186 RSV-A and 187 RSV-B partial glycoprotein sequences collected from 2018 to 2022 revealed that the 2022/2023 surge was driven by RSV-B in contrast to the surge in the 2021/2022 season that was driven by RSV-A. Whole-genome sequencing and phylodynamic analysis indicated that the RSV-B strain GB5.0.6a was the predominant genotype in the 2022/2023 season and emerged in late 2019. The results provide insight into RSV evolution and epidemiology that will be applicable to future monitoring efforts with the advent of novel vaccines and therapeutics.

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Section: Rsv Whole-genome Sequencing and Phylogenetic Analysissupporting

confidence: 79%

Respiratory syncytial virus surge in 2022 caused by lineages already present before the COVID‐19 pandemic

Redlberger‐Fritz

Springer

Aberle

et al. 2023

Journal of Medical Virology

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“…After the first case of SARS‐CoV‐2 infection was detected in February 2020, the frequency of influenza A and B viruses was appreciably reduced in Yokohama, Japan; however, the frequency of these viruses between January 2018 and December 2019 was 489 (36.7%) of 1331 respiratory specimens in this region [ 28 ]. In Australia between 2008 and 2014 [ 6 ], Austria between the 2016/2017 and 2021/2022 influenza seasons [ 7 ], Hong Kong between 2014 and 2019 [ 8 ], India between 2009 and 2015 [ 10 ], Spain between 2005 and 2012 [ 13 ], and the USA between 2006 and 2012 [ 14 ], the frequency of influenza C virus was 79 (0.6%) of 13,497, 108 (0.5%) of 22,565, 2394 (0.2%) of 1,088,090, 3 (0.1%) of 2530, 17 (0.6%) of 2687, and 13 (0.3%) of 4200 specimens, respectively.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In Austria, influenza A and C viruses were not detected during the 2020/2021 season, and most cases diagnosed from sentinel samples were SARS‐CoV‐2; however, the frequency of influenza A and C viruses increased in the following 2021/2022 season [ 7 ]. The frequency of influenza C virus before the COVID‐19 pandemic was three (0.3%) of 1120, eight (0.4%) of 1952, four (0.1%) of 3278, and two (0.04%) of 4950 in the 2016/2017, 2017/2018, 2018/2019, and 2019/2020 seasons, respectively.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Longitudinal monitoring of the influenza C virus has been conducted in Australia [ 6 ], Austria [ 7 ], Hong Kong, China [ 8 , 9 ], India [ 10 ], Japan [ 3 , 11 ], the Philippines [ 12 ], Spain [ 13 ], and the USA [ 14 ]. Of the six lineages of influenza C viruses (C/Taylor, C/Mississippi, C/Aichi, C/Yamagata, C/Kanagawa, and C/Sao Paulo), the C/Kanagawa‐ and C/Sao Paulo‐lineage viruses recently cocirculated globally [ 3 , 6 , 7 , 9 , 10 , 12 ]. In contrast, there has been no long‐term monitoring of the influenza D virus in humans.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Monitoring Influenza C and D Viruses in Patients With Respiratory Diseases in Japan, January 2018 to March 2023

Shimizu,

Kawakami,

Matsuzaki

et al. 2024

Influenza Resp Viruses

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BackgroundInfluenza viruses can cause zoonotic infections that pose public health risks. Surveillance of influenza A and B viruses is conducted globally; however, information on influenza C and D viruses is limited. Longitudinal monitoring of influenza C virus in humans has been conducted in several countries, but there has been no long‐term monitoring of influenza D virus in humans. The public health risks associated with the influenza D virus therefore remain unknown.MethodsWe established a duplex real‐time RT‐PCR to detect influenza C and D viruses and analyzed respiratory specimens collected from 2144 patients in Japan with respiratory diseases between January 2018 and March 2023. We isolated viruses and conducted hemagglutination inhibition tests to examine antigenicity and focus reduction assays to determine susceptibility to the cap‐dependent endonuclease inhibitor baloxavir marboxil.ResultsWe detected three influenza C viruses belonging to the C/Kanagawa‐ or C/Sao Paulo‐lineages, which recently circulated globally. None of the specimens was positive for the influenza D virus. The C/Yokohama/1/2022 strain, isolated from the specimen with the highest viral RNA load and belonging to the C/Kanagawa‐lineage, showed similar antigenicity to the reference C/Kanagawa‐lineage strain and was susceptible to baloxavir.ConclusionsOur duplex real‐time RT‐PCR is useful for the simultaneous detection of influenza C and D viruses from the same specimen. Adding the influenza D virus to the monitoring of the influenza C virus would help in assessing the public health risks posed by this virus.

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“…Notably, they observed a significant proportion of patients with RSV infection who missed their first exposure. Furthermore, when comparing previous seasons, Campo and Redlberger-Fritz noted an increased number of Influenza C virus cases in Austria during 2022, and they concluded that this could likely be attributed to a decreased prevalence in prior seasons due to non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) [ 33 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparative Analysis of Pediatric Hospitalizations during Two Consecutive Influenza and Respiratory Virus Seasons Post-Pandemic

Presti,

Manti,

Gambilonghi

et al. 2023

Viruses

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Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has had a significant impact on the epidemiology of respiratory viruses. Non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) led to a dramatic reduction in respiratory infections. However, the long-term effects on respiratory virus epidemiology remain unclear. Materials and Methods: We conducted a comparative study on hospitalized pediatric patients with respiratory illness during two seasons: 1 October 2021 to 15 March 2022 and 1 October 2022 to 15 March 2023. We compared the type of virus, mean duration of hospitalization, and disease severity. Results: In the first season, 47.1% of patients (65/138) tested positive for at least one respiratory virus, with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) being the most frequent (23.2%). In the second season, 82.9% of patients (102/123) tested positive, with RSV and Rhinovirus being the most prevalent (28.38% and 27.03%, respectively). Other viruses, such as Influenza A/B, Metapneumovirus, and Adenovirus, also showed increased prevalence. Disease severity and mean duration of hospitalization were similar between the two seasons. Conclusions: Our study highlights increased prevalence in respiratory viruses, including RSV and Rhinovirus, following the easing of NPIs. The prevalence in respiratory viruses, including RSV and Rhinovirus, increased in the second season compared to the first one. Interestingly, RSV’s peak incidence shifted from February to November. The emergence of rhinovirus as the most prevalent respiratory virus during certain months suggests viral competition and dynamic changes in viral circulation. The overall severity of respiratory infections remained relatively stable between the seasons.

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Increased cases of influenza C virus in children and adults in Austria, 2022

Cited by 5 publications

References 21 publications

Respiratory syncytial virus surge in 2022 caused by lineages already present before the COVID‐19 pandemic

Respiratory syncytial virus surge in 2022 caused by lineages already present before the COVID‐19 pandemic

Monitoring Influenza C and D Viruses in Patients With Respiratory Diseases in Japan, January 2018 to March 2023

Comparative Analysis of Pediatric Hospitalizations during Two Consecutive Influenza and Respiratory Virus Seasons Post-Pandemic

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