Increased Cervical Spinal Instability is Associated With the Development of Proximal-type Cervical Spondylotic Amyotrophy

Abstract

Study Design. Retrospective cohort study. Objectives. We aimed to clarify the clinical relationship between the etiology of proximal-type cervical spondylotic amyotrophy (CSA) and cervical sagittal alignment and instability. Summary of Background Data. Although several researchers have discussed hypotheses regarding the etiology of CSA, the trigger and mechanism underlying the onset remain unclear. Methods. We retrospectively analyzed 52 proximal-type CSA patients (CSA group) and 60 control patients (Control group). The following data were collected: age; sex; cervical lordosis (CL); T1 slope (TS); TS-CL; C2-7 sagittal vertical axis (SVA) on x-ray in the neutral position; flexion angle; extension angle and range of motion (ROM) of C3/4, C4/5 and C5/6; and C3/4, C4/5 and C5/6 instability (translation of >3 mm for adjacent segmental segments) on dynamic x-ray. Results. Compared with the Control group, the CSA group was associated with an older age (mean age, 67.6 vs. 61.1 years’ old, P= 0.029) and male sex (78.8% vs. 50.0%, P= 0.002). In the CSA group, the radiographic parameters showed smaller C4/5 and C5/6 extension angles and C5/6 ROM values and a greater C3/4 flexion angle than the Control group. Furthermore, compared with the Control group, the CSA group was associated with C3/4 instability (13.5% vs. 3.3%, P=0.049) and C4/5 (21.2% vs. 3.3%, P = 0.003). A logistic regression analysis, with adjusting for the age and sex, showed that the C3/4 flexion angle (odds ratio [OR], 1.2; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.08– 1.40, P=0.002), C3/4 instability (OR, 7.3; 95% CI 1.25–42.96, P=0.027) and C4/5 instability (OR, 8.1; 95% CI, 1.56–42.19, P= 0.012) were independent risk factors of CSA. Conclusion. This study suggested that a wide C3/4 flexion angle and high C3/4 or C4/5 spinal instability were closely associated with the etiology of proximal-type CSA.