Increased Expression of the Dna-Binding Cytokine Hmgb1 in Human Atherosclerotic Lesions: Role of Activated Macrophages and Cytokines

Early Release of HMGB-1 from Neurons after the Onset of Brain Ischemia

“…Active secretion typically occurs not only in macrophages and monocytes (Chen et al, 2004;Kalinina et al, 2004), but also in nonimmune cells such as hepatocytes where it is overexpressed after hypoxia (Tsung et al, 2005). Here, we suggest that HMGB-1 is released from the ischemic brain parenchyma within 1 h after MCAO, based on early loss of HMGB-1 immunoreactivity in the striatum.…”

The role of tumor necrosis factor-like weak inducer of apoptosis in atherosclerosis via its two different receptors

“…High mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) is a DNA-binding cytokine released from necrotic cells (52) and activated macrophages (53). HMGB1 stimulates monocytes/macrophages to express proinflammatory cytokines that mediate the inflammatory response in atherosclerotic plaque development (54).…”

Activation of Receptor for Advanced Glycation End Products Induces Osteogenic Differentiation of Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells

“…Indeed, loss of RAGE functions in vivo by overexpression of the dominant negative form (soluble RAGE), and targeted gene disruption has established that RAGE plays a crucial role in the progression of atherosclerosis 6,[9][10][11] . RAGE ligands, such as multiple AGEs and HMGB1, accumulate in plasma in patients with diabetes and CKD and locally in atherosclerotic plaques [12][13][14] . In addition, RAGE expression is increased in the restenotic coronary artery and in atherosclerotic plaques in diabetic patients 13,15) .…”

“…RAGE ligands, such as multiple AGEs and HMGB1, accumulate in plasma in patients with diabetes and CKD and locally in atherosclerotic plaques [12][13][14] . In addition, RAGE expression is increased in the restenotic coronary artery and in atherosclerotic plaques in diabetic patients 13,15) . These findings may at least partly account for the role of the RAGE axis in aggressive atherosclerosis in patients with diabetic nephropathy.…”