“…Lesion volumes did not differ significantly between male and female patients, but in male patients only, larger lesion volume was associated with lower cognitive performance on test scores averaged across seven domains (executive functioning, verbal memory, processing speed, visuospatial memory, working memory, attention, psychomotor speed). More recent cross-sectional work using VBM, however, showed a somewhat different pattern of sex effects between patients and controls in subcortical volumes (Sanchis-Segura et al, 2016;Voskuhl et al, 2020). Similar to Schoonheim et al (2012) and Voskuhl et al (2020) (79 RRMS, 10 SPMS, 45 controls, ages 18-69), Sanchis-Segura et al (2016) (56 RRMS, 63 controls, ages 18-61) reported smaller thalamus volumes in both male and female MS patients compared to controls, as well as smaller putamen volumes specifically in male patients than male controls.…”