Increased Risk of Depressive Disorder following Cholecystectomy for Gallstones

Abstract

BackgroundPrior studies indicate a possible association between depression and cholecystectomy, but no study has compared the risk of post-operative depressive disorders (DD) after cholecystectomy. This retrospective follow-up study aimed to examine the relationship between cholecystectomy and the risk of DD in patients with gallstones in a population-based database.MethodsUsing ambulatory care data from the Longitudinal Health Insurance Database 2000, 6755 patients who received a first-time principal diagnosis of gallstones at the emergency room (ER) were identified. Among them, 1197 underwent cholecystectomy. Each patient was then individually followed-up for two years to identify those who were later diagnosed with DD. Cox proportional hazards regressions were performed to estimate the risk of developing DD between patients with gallstone who did and those who did not undergo cholecystectomy.ResultsOf 6755 patients with gallstones, 173 (2.56%) were diagnosed with DD during the two-year follow-up. Among patients who did and those who did not undergo cholecystectomy, 3.51% and 2.36% later developed depressive disorder, respectively. After adjusting for the patient’s sex, age and geographic location, the hazard ratio (HR) of DD within two years of gallstone diagnosis was 1.43 (95% CI, 1.02–2.04) for patients who underwent cholecystectomy compared to those who did not. Females, but not males, had a higher the adjusted HR of DD (1.61; 95% CI, 1.08–2.41) for patients who underwent cholecystectomy compared to those who did not.ConclusionsThere is an association between cholecystectomy and subsequent risk of DD among females, but not in males.

Depression After Spinal Surgery: A Comparative Analysis of the California Outcomes Database

“…We used a newly registered depression diagnosis on hospitalization following surgery as a proxy for the incidence of depression as a means to study post—spinal surgery depression. Using this approach, we confirmed previous reports of postoperative depression in patients who underwent surgical interventions (ie, CABG, hysterectomy, and cholecystectomy) 5–7 or who were hospitalized for chronic debilitating illnesses (ie, CHF, COPD). 2,3 Impressively, the risk of postoperative depression after spinal surgery was considerably higher than for cohorts of patients who underwent CABG, hysterectomy, or cholecystectomy or who were admitted for CHF or COPD exacerbation.…”

“…We then longitudinally followed this cohort to identify newly recorded depression diagnoses on subsequent hospitalizations as a proxy for risk of postoperative depression. Parallel analyses were performed for patients who underwent CABG, 4,5 hysterectomy, 6 or cholecystectomy 7 and for patients who were hospitalized with medical conditions known to be associated with depression including CHF 2 and COPD. 3 A cohort of patients who underwent uncomplicated vaginal deliveries was also identified and studied as a reference population because it represented a hospitalized patient population with relatively low comorbidity burden.…”

“…Many patients experience postoperative depression after major surgical interventions, including coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG), 4,5 hysterectomy, 6 and cholecystectomy. 7 Similarly, the risk of depression in patients who have incapacitating chronic diseases (eg, congestive heart failure [CHF] and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease [COPD]), is striking. 2,3 Despite our understanding of depression risks in these diseases, the risk of newly diagnosed depression after spinal surgery remains poorly studied.…”

Review of imaging in post-laparoscopy cholecystectomy complications

“…[ 66 ] Functional gastrointestinal disorder includes dyspepsia, and irritable bowel syndrome can persist or coexist in patients with gallstone disease post-cholecystectomy; and approximately 10% of the patients may not have experience relief of symptoms or even get worse after surgery. [ 67 68 ] There is an association between cholecystectomy and subsequent risk of depressive disorder among females. [ 69 ] Moreover, patients with high trait anxiety are less likely to benefit from surgery and may complain of persistence of symptoms.…”

Promising new fixed combination for the treatment of diseases of the hepatobiliar system: Substantiation of pharmacotherapeutic properties and pharmaceutical quality profile

“…Diseases of the biliary system are closely related to violations of the functional state of the liver. Synthesis of cholesterol supplemented bile with reduced bile acid content significantly increases the risk of gallstones, as well as gallbladder cholesterol (Özkardeş et al, 2014;Coats et al, 2015;Tsai et al, 2015;Chhabra et al, 2016).…”