Increased soluble interleukin 2 receptor levels in schizophrenia

Schizophrenia, autoimmunity and immune system dysregulation: A comprehensive model updated and revisited

“…Observations in schizophrenia Clinical associations in schizophrenia IL-2 Increased levels (also lower levels noted in some studies) [20,22,25,26,28,29,98] Age of onset [101] Bizarre behavior [99] Formal thought disorder [99] Positive symptoms [28] Relapse prone [100] Decrease after treatment [28] Soluble IL-2 receptor…”

“…Increased levels [22] Especially in younger patients [24] Acute psychosis [23,24] Poor prognosis [102] Lower in positive symptoms [102] First degree relative [24] Tardive dyskinesia [23] IL-4 Increased CSF levels [30] e IL-6 Increased levels [18] Younger age [19] Illness duration [20] Acute exacerbation [103] Negative symptoms [104] Neuroleptic malignant syndrome [105] Delayed responders [18] Treatment resistance [18] Soluble IL-6 receptor Increased levels Paranoid symptomatology [2] IL-10 Increased levels [29] Decrease in levels after treatment [19] TNFa Increased levels [6,98] Negative symptoms [106] Neuroleptic malignant syndrome [105] Interferon-g Decreased mitogen stimulated levels [27] e IL, interleukin; TNF, tumor necrosis factor; CSF, cerebrospinal fluid.…”

“…(b) Increased levels of serum IL-2 and soluble IL-2 receptor (sIL-2) levels have commonly been noted in the illness [22]. The latter in particular is considered to be a prime indicator of immune system activation and can be observed in several conditions associated with activation of the immune system.…”

Effects of Antidepressants on Weight and on the Plasma Levels of Leptin, TNF-α and Soluble TNF Receptors A Longitudinal Study in Patients Treated with Amitriptyline or Paroxetine

“…We also measured tympanic temperature and did white blood cell counts because TNF-␣ is pyrogenic and has numerous hematological effects (for review see van der Poll and Lowry 1995). In addition, we took the opportunity to investigate soluble interleukin-2 receptor (sIL-2r) levels, which have been reported to be increased in patients with the diagnosis of major depression (Maes et al 1995b) or schizophrenia (Gaughran et al 1998). However, it has already been shown that psychotropic medication, such as clozapine (Pollmächer et al 1995(Pollmächer et al , 1996, and cigarette smoking (Pollmächer and Hinze-Selch 1998) can also induce sIL-2r plasma levels.…”

Differentiating primary pathophysiologic from secondary adaptational processes

“…Various authors reported that sIL2R levels probably represent an activation of the immune system that correlates in certain instances with disease activity [Remick and Friedland, 1997;Rubin et al, 1990]. Soluble plasma interleukin 2 receptor was found to be elevated in both major depression [Maes et al, 1995;Seidal et al, 1995] and schizophrenia [Rapaport and Lohr, 1994;Gaughran et al, 1998;Barak et al, 1995;Maes et al, 1995], although there are also a few negative studies [Kim et al, 1996;Rothermundt et al, 1998]. However no alterations in this parameter were reported in anxiety disorders [Spivak et al, 1997;Rapaport and Stein , 1994a,b;Maes et al, 1994a].…”