Increased sulfate availability in saline water promotes hydrogen sulfide production in fish organic waste

Letelier-Gordo, Carlos Octavio; Aalto, Sanni L.; Suurnäkki, Suvi; Pedersen, Palle

doi:10.1016/j.aquaeng.2020.102062

Cited by 48 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…Information about addition of Clis particularly relevant since the Faroe Islands uses fresh water in the RAS with no additional Clin order to prevent hydrogen sulfide (H 2 S) buildup, which has caused mass fish mortality in RAS (Letelier-Gordo et al, 2020). Increased salinity is also known to have a negative impact on the nitrification efficiency of the biofilter, making it difficult to maintain stable NO 2 -N levels (Fossmark et al, 2021).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exposing Atlantic Salmon Post-Smolts to Fluctuating Sublethal Nitrite Concentrations in a Commercial Recirculating Aquaculture System (RAS) May Have Negative Consequences

Mortensen¹,

Jacobsen²,

Kolarevic

et al. 2022

Front. Anim. Sci.

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Salmon farmers are interested in extending the time post-smolts are reared in recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS). However, there is a lack of knowledge regarding optimal water quality for post-smolts in RAS, and regarding potential consequences of long term exposure to different toxic compounds, such as nitrite, in the RAS water. To address this issue, we conducted a case study at a Faroese Atlantic salmon farm, that rears large post-smolts in fresh water RAS for 22 months before sea transfer, with no additional chloride salt, a known treatment for nitrite toxicity. The aim was to document the potential effects of long-term exposure of fluctuating sub-lethal nitrite concentrations in fresh water RAS on blood physiology of large post-smolts. The study was conducted over six weeks, at the end of the RAS production cycle. Our case study shows that after ~22 months in RAS with no additional chloride, the fish had accumulated a plasma nitrite concentration 8 to 16 times higher than the ambient water. Our results indicate that the accumulation may have resulted in extracellular hyperkaliemia, since there was a positive correlation between plasma nitrite and potassium levels (p=0.00095), with potassium levels almost twice as high than previously reported for Atlantic salmon. This could indicate that Atlantic salmon health is challenged due to prolonged sub-lethal nitrite exposure in fresh water RAS. Further research related to long-term nitrite exposure in RAS is needed to asses the potential negative impact, in order to optimize welfare and growth performance during production of Atlantic salmon post-smolts.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exposing Atlantic Salmon Post-Smolts to Fluctuating Sublethal Nitrite Concentrations in a Commercial Recirculating Aquaculture System (RAS) May Have Negative Consequences

Mortensen¹,

Jacobsen²,

Kolarevic

et al. 2022

Front. Anim. Sci.

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“…Additionally, salinity or the amount of sulfate present in JL had a stronger effect on H 2 S production. Previous reports have suggested that that H 2 S concentration and production rates increase with sulfate at high-salinity water (Sakai et al 2013;Letelier-Gordo et al 2020). This implied that the sulfide-rich sediments enabled excess sulfide to diffuse into surface sediments or above the sediment-water interface via the dissimilatory reduction of sulfate (Henneke et al 1997;Sakai et al 2013).…”

Section: Sulfur-iron Sedimentation Under High Salinity and Heavy Pollutionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Coupling mechanisms of S–Fe–P in surface sediments under the stresses of high salinity and heavy metals in coastal rivers

et al. 2021

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Purpose The aim of the study was to (1) investigate the distributions of sulfur (S), iron (Fe), and phosphorus (P) in coastal surface sediments under the stresses of high salinity and heavy metals; (2) identify potential sources and the environmental geochemical process of S-Fe mineral accumulation; and (3) elucidate the coupling mechanisms of S-Fe-P in coastal sediments under environmental stresses. Materials and methodsThe distributions of reduced inorganic sulfur (RIS), inorganic P, and reactive Fe (RFe) in surface sediments in two coastal rivers with heavy metals and high salinity (~50 psu, brine drainage) and in offshore areas in the Bohai Sea were investigated. Results and discussion Pyrite sulfur (CRS) was the predominant fraction of RIS in two rivers (Jiaolai River (JL), 56%; Jiehe River (JH), 72%), whereas acid volatile sulfur (AVS) dominated RIS in their offshore sediments (L, 66%; J, 45%). RFe(II) dominated RFe in JH (70%) and JL (66%), while RFe(III) dominated the fractions in their offshore areas (53%). Coastal surface sediments under the stresses of high salinity and heavy metals were dominated by HCl-P (Ca-bound P) and NaOH-P (Fe-and Albound P), respectively. Conclusions Accumulated Fe sulfide was limited by elemental sulfur (ES) availability under high salinity, while it was limited by total organic carbon (TOC) availability when the river was heavily polluted. High salinity produced sulfide-dominated environments, which could reduce the NaOH-P and facilitate HCl-P immobilization. However, the presence of heavy metals resulted in Fe-dominated environments, which could promote metal sulfides formation and increase the NaOH-P fixation.

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“…All the samples were maintained at 4℃ until analysis. Dissolved sulfide samples were precipitated and fixed as zinc sulfide (ZnS) using a 10% zinc acetate solution, and the absorbance of the produced methylene blue was measured immediately at 665 nm with a spectrophotometer (Beckman DU 530, USA) as in Letelier-Gordo et al, (2020).…”

Section: Sample Collection and Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This might reduce the effective denitrification capacity of the reactor, requiring frequent back-washing in order to sustain continuous operation. Organic matter accumulation is especially problematic in marine systems, since the anaerobic conditions will promote the production of toxic hydrogen sulfide (H2S) (Letelier-Gordo et al, 2020). Therefore, alternative solutions, with simple construction and operation, high denitrification rates, and a low footprint, for media-laden denitrification reactors are required in marine land-based facilities.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Activated sludge denitrification in marine recirculating aquaculture system effluent using external and internal carbon sources

Letelier-Gordo

Huang

Aalto

et al. 2020

Aquacultural Engineering

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Increased sulfate availability in saline water promotes hydrogen sulfide production in fish organic waste

Cited by 48 publications

References 40 publications

Exposing Atlantic Salmon Post-Smolts to Fluctuating Sublethal Nitrite Concentrations in a Commercial Recirculating Aquaculture System (RAS) May Have Negative Consequences

Exposing Atlantic Salmon Post-Smolts to Fluctuating Sublethal Nitrite Concentrations in a Commercial Recirculating Aquaculture System (RAS) May Have Negative Consequences

Coupling mechanisms of S–Fe–P in surface sediments under the stresses of high salinity and heavy metals in coastal rivers

Activated sludge denitrification in marine recirculating aquaculture system effluent using external and internal carbon sources

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