Increasing brain glucose uptake by Gypenoside LXXV ameliorates cognitive deficits in a mouse model of diabetic Alzheimer's disease

Abstract

We have previously reported that Gypenoside LXXV (GP‐75), a novel natural PPARγ agonist isolated from Gynostemma pentaphyllum, ameliorated cognitive deficits in db/db mice. In this study, we further investigated the beneficial effects on cognitive impairment in APP/PS1 mice and a mouse model of diabetic AD (APP/PS1xdb/db mice). Interestingly, intragastric administration of GP‐75 (40 mg/kg/day) for 3 months significantly attenuated cognitive deficits in APP/PS1 and APP/PS1xdb/db mice. GP‐75 treatment markedly reduced the levels of glucose, HbA1c and insulin in serum and improved glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity in APP/PS1xdb/db mice. Notably, GP‐75 treatment decreased the β‐amyloid (Aβ) burden, as measured by 11C‐PIB PET imaging. Importantly, GP‐75 treatment increased brain glucose uptake as measured by 18F‐FDG PET imaging. Moreover, GP‐75 treatment upregulated PPARγ and increased phosphorylation of Akt (Ser473) and GLUT4 expression levels but decreased phosphorylation of IRS‐1 (Ser616) in the hippocampi of both APP/PS1 and APP/PS1xdb/db mice. Furthermore, GP‐75‐induced increases in GLUT4 membrane translocation in primary hippocampal neurons from APP/PS1xdb/db mice was abolished by cotreatment with the selective PPARγ antagonist GW9662 or the PI3K inhibitor LY294002. In summary, GP‐75 ameliorated cognitive deficits in APP/PS1 and APP/PS1xdb/db mice by enhancing glucose uptake via activation of the PPARγ/Akt/GLUT4 signaling pathways.

Herbal medicines in Alzheimer’s disease and the involvement of gut microbiota

“…In network pharmacology analysis, the primary targets of active compounds from GPM include epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6), nitric oxide synthase in endothelial (NOS3), and the neuroprotective mechanisms are connected with HIF-1 signaling pathway, cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction ( Wang et al, 2022d ). Gypenoside LXXV (GP-75), a novel component isolated from GPM, could ameliorate cognitive deficits in a mouse model of diabetic AD (APP/PS1xdb/db mice) by enhancing glucose uptake through activation of specific signaling pathways ( Meng et al, 2023 ). However, there is no direct evidence suggesting the modulatory effect of these compounds on microbiota in AD models.…”

Gypenoside Inhibits Gastric Cancer Proliferation by Suppressing Glycolysis via the Hippo Pathway

“…Gypenoside (Gyp) is the primary active ingredient in Gynostemma pentaphyllum, and it plays a crucial role in regulating glycometabolism disorders 16 . In animal studies Gyp has been shown to improve diabetic Alzheimer's disease by modulating brain glucose uptake 17 . Although the anti-tumor activity of Gyp has also been con rmed 18,19 , the molecular mechanisms by which Gyp regulates glycometabolism pathways still remain unknown.…”