Increasing The Grain Yield And Grain Protein Content of Common Wheat (Triticum Aestivum) By Introducing Missense Mutations In The Q Gene

Abstract

Grain yield (GY) and grain protein content (GPC) are important traits for wheat breeding and production; however, they are usually negatively correlated. The Q gene is the most important domestication gene in cultivated wheat because it influences many traits, including GY and GPC. Additionally, Qc1 is an overexpressed Q allele containing a missense mutation in the microRNA172-binding site. The common wheat (Triticum aestivum) mutant S-Cp1-1, which carries Qc1, has a very high GPC and some unfavorable characteristics, including dwarfism and compact spikes, which decrease the GY. We previously suggested that missense mutations in the sequences encoding the AP2 domains of Qc1 can be exploited to enhance the agronomic performance of wheat. In this study, we characterized two new Q alleles (Qs1 and Qc1-N8). Compared with the wild-type Q allele, Qs1 contains a missense mutation in the sequence encoding the first AP2 domain, whereas Qc1-N8 has two missense mutations, one in the sequence encoding the second AP2 domain and the other in the microRNA172-binding site. The Qs1 allele did not significantly affect the GPC or other processing quality parameters, but it adversely affected the GY by decreasing the thousand kernel weight and grain number per spike. In contrast, Qc1-N8 positively affected the GPC and GY by increasing the thousand kernel weight and grain number per spike, thereby reversing the unfavorable agronomic characteristics resulting from Qc1. Thus, we generated a novel germplasm relevant for wheat breeding. Furthermore, our findings provide new information useful for enhancing cereal crops via non-transgenic approaches.

The Qc5 Allele Increases Wheat Bread-Making Quality by Regulating SPA and SPR

“…Unfortunately, Q c1 is inappropriate for breeding because it leads to decreased grain yields, extreme dwarfism, and the production of compact spikes [ 40 ]. A previous study identified Q c1 -N8 as a new allele derived from Q c1 , with a missense mutation in the sequence encoding the second AP 2 domain [ 50 ]. This new allele reverses the unfavorable agronomic characteristics resulting from Q c1 while also positively affecting GPC and grain yields [ 50 ].…”

“…A previous study identified Q c1 -N8 as a new allele derived from Q c1 , with a missense mutation in the sequence encoding the second AP 2 domain [ 50 ]. This new allele reverses the unfavorable agronomic characteristics resulting from Q c1 while also positively affecting GPC and grain yields [ 50 ]. Wheat is an important protein source for humans [ 3 ].…”

“…The transition from q to Q (one point mutation in the miRNA172-binding site) during wheat domestication had a profound effect on the grain yield and shape [ 51 ]. The stepwise mutation from the Q allele to the Q c1 -N8 allele (another point mutation in the miRNA172-binding site) further increased the grain yield by increasing TKW and the grain number per spike [ 50 ]. In plants, a high sequence complementarity between a specific miRNA and its target mRNA is required for the miRNA–target interaction [ 52 , 53 ].…”

Comparison of machine learning and deep learning-based methods for locomotion mode recognition using a single inertial measurement unit

“…EMG-based recognition studies produced high accuracy (Huang et al, 2008;Pati et al, 2010;Kim et al, 2014). However, the limitation of using this sensor requires sensors to be integrated directly into the skin (Chen et al, 2013). Therefore, EMG signals could be affected by environmental noise, shifts in electrode positions, or even the loss of electrode sensor contact caused by the moisture between sensors and the skin such as sweating and humidity (Rafiee et al, 2011;Phinyomark et al, 2013;Taborri et al, 2016).…”