Individualization of Head-Related Transfer Function for Three-Dimensional Virtual Auditory Display: A Review

Xu, Song; Li, Zhizhong; Salvendy, G.

doi:10.1007/978-3-540-73335-5_44

Cited by 30 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…Although measuring the individual HRTF of each user would yield the best results, this is not feasible for large-scale projects and commercial endeavors, given the specialized facilities and time required. For this reason, researchers have been working to find other ways to model an individual's HRTF (for an overview, see Xu et al (2007). A promising alternative to obtain an individual's HRTF is via acoustic simulation based on the individual's ear morphology.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An investigation of matching symmetry in the human pinnae with possible implications for 3D ear recognition and sound localization

et al. 2014

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The human external ears, or pinnae, have an intriguing shape and, like most parts of the human external body, bilateral symmetry is observed between left and right. It is a well-known part of our auditory sensory system and mediates the spatial localization of incoming sounds in 3D from monaural cues due to its shape-specific filtering as well as binaural cues due to the paired bilateral locations of the left and right ears. Another less broadly appreciated aspect of the human pinna shape is its uniqueness from one individual to another, which is on the level of what is seen in fingerprints and facial features. This makes pinnae very useful in human identification, which is of great interest in biometrics and forensics. Anatomically, the type of symmetry observed is known as matching symmetry, with structures present as separate mirror copies on both sides of the body, and in this work we report the first such investigation of the human pinna in 3D. Within the framework of geometric morphometrics, we started by partitioning ear shape, represented in a spatially dense way, into patterns of symmetry and asymmetry, following a two-factor ANOVA design. Matching symmetry was measured in all substructures of the pinna anatomy. However, substructures that 'stick out' such as the helix, tragus, and lobule also contained a fair degree of asymmetry. In contrast, substructures such as the conchae, antitragus, and antihelix expressed relatively stronger degrees of symmetric variation in relation to their levels of asymmetry. Insights gained from this study were injected into an accompanying identification setup exploiting matching symmetry where improved performance is demonstrated. Finally, possible implications of the results in the context of ear recognition as well as sound localization are discussed.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An investigation of matching symmetry in the human pinnae with possible implications for 3D ear recognition and sound localization

et al. 2014

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“…The use of a microphone array offers the possibility of including the dynamic auditory cues used in sound localization because the movements of multiple listeners can be tracked through digital computations in real-time or non-real-time conditions. The HRTF datasets allow the inclusion of the auditory localization cues that correspond to the individual traits of the listeners, provided that individual HRTF datasets can be obtained directly for each listener or by means of anthropometric personalization [68,69] or individualization methods [70,71]. Moreover, HRTFs for dense sets of positions can be calculated based on interpolation methods [59][60][61][62][63][64][65][66][67].…”

Section: Binaural Synthesis From Microphone Array Recordings and Hrtfmentioning

confidence: 99%

Design theory for binaural synthesis: Combining microphone array recordings and head-related transfer function datasets

Salvador

Sakamoto

Treviño

et al. 2017

Acoust. Sci. & Tech.

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Signal processing methods that accurately synthesize sound pressure at the ears are important in the development of spatial audio devices for personal use. This paper reviews the current methods and focuses on a promising class of these methods that rely on combining the spatial information available in microphone array recordings and datasets of head-related transfer functions (HRTFs). These two kinds of spatial information enable the consideration of dynamic and individual auditory localization cues during binaural synthesis. A general formulation for such a class of methods is presented in terms of a linear system of equations, whose associated matrix is composed of acoustic transfer functions that relate the positions of microphones and HRTFs. Based on this formulation, it is shown that most of the existing methods under consideration can be classified into two prominent approaches: 1) the HRTF modeling approach and 2) the microphone signal modeling approach. An important relation between these two approaches is evidenced in the general formulation: when one approach arises from the solution to an overdetermined system, the other corresponds to an underdetermined system, and vice versa. Illustrative examples of binaural synthesis from spherical arrays are provided by means of simulations. Underdetermined systems generally achieve better performance than overdetermined ones.

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“…However, the HRTF greatly varies from person to person. Several studies have addressed the issue of HRTF individualization [2][3][4][5][6][7]. It has been suggested that marked perceptual distortion might occur when one listens to sounds spatialized with nonindividualized HRTFs.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Individualization of Head-Related Transfer Function for Three-Dimensional Virtual Auditory Display: A Review

Cited by 30 publications

References 29 publications

An investigation of matching symmetry in the human pinnae with possible implications for 3D ear recognition and sound localization

An investigation of matching symmetry in the human pinnae with possible implications for 3D ear recognition and sound localization

Design theory for binaural synthesis: Combining microphone array recordings and head-related transfer function datasets

Improved method to individualize head-related transfer function using anthropometric measurements

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