Inducible cell lysis systems in microbial production of bio-based chemicals

Gao, Yongqiang; Feng, Xinjun; Xian, Ming; Wang, Qi; Zhao, Guang

doi:10.1007/s00253-013-5100-x

Cited by 40 publications

(46 citation statements)

References 79 publications

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“…They may play widespread roles in protein trafficking and secretion to the extracellular environment (18). Holins can function as antimicrobial agents (77) and are useful for biotechnological material production schemes (Table 3) (94). We can anticipate that these chromosomally encoded gene cassettes will prove to have many functions useful to the bacterium as well as humankind.…”

Section: Perspectives and Conclusion: A Plethora Of Holin Functions mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Holins in Bacteria, Eukaryotes, and Archaea: Multifunctional Xenologues with Potential Biotechnological and Biomedical Applications

2015

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bHolins form pores in the cytoplasmic membranes of bacteria for the primary purpose of releasing endolysins that hydrolyze the cell wall and induce cell death. Holins are encoded within bacteriophage genomes, where they promote cell lysis for virion release, and within bacterial genomes, where they serve a diversity of potential or established functions. These include (i) release of gene transfer agents, (ii) facilitation of programs of differentiation such as those that allow sporulation and spore germination, (iii) contribution to biofilm formation, (iv) promotion of responses to stress conditions, and (v) release of toxins and other proteins. There are currently 58 recognized families of holins and putative holins with members exhibiting between 1 and 4 transmembrane ␣-helical spanners, but many more families have yet to be discovered. Programmed cell death in animals involves holin-like proteins such as Bax and Bak that may have evolved from bacterial holins. Holin homologues have also been identified in archaea, suggesting that these proteins are ubiquitous throughout the three domains of life. Phage-mediated cell lysis of dualmembrane Gram-negative bacteria also depends on outer membrane-disrupting "spanins" that function independently of, but in conjunction with, holins and endolysins. In this minireview, we provide an overview of their modes of action and the first comprehensive summary of the many currently recognized and postulated functions and uses of these cell lysis systems. It is anticipated that future studies will result in the elucidation of many more such functions and the development of additional applications.

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Section: Perspectives and Conclusion: A Plethora Of Holin Functions mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These approaches have been applied, for example, to the production of fatty acids and polyhydroxyalkanoates. Gao et al (94) argued that inducible cell lysis systems can be both economically feasible and subject to precise controlled timing.…”

Section: Use Of Holins For Biotechnological Materials Productionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Holins in Bacteria, Eukaryotes, and Archaea: Multifunctional Xenologues with Potential Biotechnological and Biomedical Applications

2015

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“…Many of these strategies rely on the use of phage-encoded proteins that target the bacterial cell envelope and exhibit activity of peptidoglycan hydrolases (Gao et al, 2013). The insertion of bacteriophage lysis genes into the cyanobacteria genome controlled by inducible gene expression systems are among the most developed approaches to date for bacteriophage-based cell lysis of cyanobacteria.…”

Section: Recent Developmentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cell disruption technologies

Dhondt

Martín-Juárez

Bolado

et al. 2017

Microalgae-Based Biofuels and Bioproducts

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IntroductionAlgal cell walls separate the inside cell content from the environment to protect the cell against desiccation, pathogens, and predators while still allowing exchange of compounds. Toward application of algae biomass as a sustainable resource, disruption of this cell wall (¼cell disruption) is an essential pretreatment step to maximize product recovery in downstream processes of the algae biorefinery. Also for direct use of algae in feed or food, cell rupture is required to increase the bioavailability of algae constituents. Depending on the cell wall structure, the size, and the shape of algae, cell disruption can be challenging. A variety of cell disruption methods is currently available, and new approaches are being elaborated in parallel. Since downstream processing is responsible for a large part of the operational costs in the whole production chain, cell disruption technologies should be low cost and energy efficient and result preferably in high product quality. This chapter provides information on cell wall types and gives an overview of physical-mechanical and (bio-)chemical cell disruption technologies with attention to development stage, energy efficiency, product quality, costs, emerging approaches, and applicability on large scale. Cell wall types in various groups of microalgae and cyanobacteriaThe cell wall composition and architecture of algae and cyanobacteria are highly variable ranging from tiny membranes to multilayered complex structures. Despite the importance of algal cell wall properties in biotechnology, little structural information is available for most species (Scholz et al., 2014). Based on the complexity of surface structures, four cell types could be distinguished (Barsanti and Gualtieri, 2006;Lee, 2008) (Fig. 6.1). A simple cell membrane (Fig. 6.1, Type 1) is present in short-lived stages (e.g., gametes), chrysophytes, raphidophytes, green algae Dunaliella, and haptophytes Isochrysis. It consists of a lipid bilayer with integrated and peripheral proteins. Sometimes a cap of glycolipids and glycoproteins envelops the outer surface of cell membrane. Cell membranes with additional extracellular material are known in cyanobacteria and many groups of algae, including palmelloid phases. It is the most diverse cell wall type that includes various membrane-associated structures (cell wall, Microalgae-Based Biofuels and Bioproducts. http://dx

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“…However, the holin protein of lambda phage 21 forms pinholes that only depolarize the membrane (Pang et al, 2009(Pang et al, , 2010a(Pang et al, , b, 2013. Holins are also important for many activities, such as classification, gene transfer (Lang & Beatty, 2001), biofilm formation (Ranjit et al, 2011) and biotechnology material production (Gao et al, 2013). In contrast to the holins derived from Gram-negative bacterial phages (particularly the lambda, T4 and 21 phages) (Golec et al, 2010;Krupovic & Bamford, 2008;Rydman & Bamford, 2003;Ziedaite et al, 2005), holins encoded by Gram-positive bacterial phages have not been subjected to systematic and in-depth research.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Identification and characterization of HolGH15: the holin of Staphylococcus aureus bacteriophage GH15

Song

Xia

Jiang

et al. 2016

Journal of General Virology

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Holins are phage-encoded hydrophobic membrane proteins that spontaneously and nonspecifically accumulate and form lesions in the cytoplasmic membrane. The ORF72 gene (also designated HolGH15) derived from the genome of the Staphylococcus aureus phage GH15 was predicted to encode a membrane protein. An analysis indicated that the protein encoded by HolGH15 potentially consisted of two hydrophobic transmembrane helices. This protein exhibited the structural characteristics of class II holins and belonged to the phage_holin_1 superfamily. Expression of HolGH15 in Escherichia coli BL21 cells resulted in growth retardation of the host cells, which was triggered prematurely by the addition of 2,4-dinitrophenol. The expression of HolGH15 caused morphological alterations in engineered E. coli cells, including loss of the cell wall and cytoplasmic membrane integrity and release of intracellular components, which were visualized by transmission electron microscopy. HolGH15 exerted efficient antibacterial activity at 37 8C and pH 5.2. Mutation analysis indicated that the two transmembrane domains of HolGH15 were indispensable for the activity of the full-length protein. HolGH15 showed a broad antibacterial range: it not only inhibited Staphylococcus aureus, but also demonstrated antibacterial activity against other species, including Listeria monocytogenes, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae and E. coli. At the minimal inhibitory concentration, HolGH15 evoked the release of cellular contents and resulted in the shrinkage and death of Staphylococcus aureus and Listeria monocytogenes cells. To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first report of a Staphylococcus aureus phage holin that exerts antibacterial activity against heterogeneous pathogens.

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Inducible cell lysis systems in microbial production of bio-based chemicals

Cited by 40 publications

References 79 publications

Holins in Bacteria, Eukaryotes, and Archaea: Multifunctional Xenologues with Potential Biotechnological and Biomedical Applications

Holins in Bacteria, Eukaryotes, and Archaea: Multifunctional Xenologues with Potential Biotechnological and Biomedical Applications

Cell disruption technologies

Identification and characterization of HolGH15: the holin of Staphylococcus aureus bacteriophage GH15

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