Inducing endoplasmic reticulum stress in cancer cells using graphene oxide-based nanoparticles

Abstract

Endoplasmic reticulum is one of the vital organelles primarily involved in protein synthesis, folding, transport and lipid biosynthesis. However, in cancer cells its functions are dysregulated leading to ER stress....

Silver nanoparticle-induced alteration of mitochondrial and ER homeostasis affects human breast cancer cell fate

“…Miscommunication between these organelles can lead to cellular bio-chemical dis-equilibrium shifting balance towards disorders [31] . Herein, a few studies show that induction of ER stress by NPs can impair cancer cell progression [31] , [34] , [35] , [36] . For example, AgNPs synthesized by Simard et al mediated ER stress and subsequent apoptosis in breast cancer cells [37] ; similarly, other research groups have also targeted both ER and mitochondrial activity by nano-formulations [38] , [39] ; however, the crosstalk between these two critical organelles in response to AgNP exposure is poorly understood.…”

Organelle-targeted therapies: a comprehensive review on system design for enabling precision oncology

“…Additionally, the dansyl and toluenesulfonyl groups in N -(2-aminoethyl)-5-(dimethylamino) naphthalene-1-sulfonamide can serve as typical sulfonyl ligands that endow therapeutic agents with ER-targeting ability. 358 , 359 Basu et al 360 engineered 17AAG-ER-NPs with an ER targeting group (toluenesulfonyl) and HSP90 inhibitor (17AAG, ER stress inductor) to trigger ER stress-mediated cell death. This nanoplatform prompted remarkable anticancer efficacy at sub-micromolar concentration, providing a promising alternate for cancer treatment.…”

Mitochondria-targeted nanoparticles (mitoNANO): An emerging therapeutic shortcut for cancer

“…Intriguingly, the targeting of subcellular organelles has emerged as an important strategy in order to overcome drug resistance and associated problems, including limited penetration of drugs into the site of action, targeted and safe delivery of drugs to the target site etc. NPs can be used to specifically target a range of different intracellular organelles, such as mitochondria [19] , lysosomes [ 20 , 21 ], endoplasmic reticulum [22] and Golgi apparatus [ 23 , 24 ]. This targeting ability could be achieved with rationally designed engineered NPs, depending on the desired organelle.…”