Inducing Proactive Control Shifts in the AX-CPT

Gonthier, Corentin; Macnamara, Brooke N.; Chow, Michael; Conway, Andrew R. A.; Braver, Todd S.

doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01822

Cited by 105 publications

(167 citation statements)

References 44 publications

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“…Here, the properties of the stimulus itself determine whether to implement the stimulus-response (S-R) association, select and execute a response or, alternatively, to interrupt this process and wait for the next trial. A variant of this is the A-X continuous performance task (AX-CPT; e.g., Gonthier, MacNamara, Chow, Conway, & Braver, 2016;Lopez-Garcia et al, 2016). In this paradigm, a response needs to be given to X on a trial, but only if the X was preceded by an A on the immediately preceding trial.…”

Section: Response Inhibition Paradigmsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dynamics of cognitive control: Theoretical bases, paradigms, and a view for the future

et al. 2017

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Cognitive control (with the closely related concepts of attention control and executive function) encompasses the collection of processes that are involved in generating and maintaining appropriate task goals and suppressing task goals that are no longer relevant, as well as the way in which current goal representations are used to modify attentional biases to improve task performance. Here, we provide a comprehensive but nonexhaustive review of this complex literature, with an emphasis on the contributions made by techniques for studying human brain function. The review is divided into five sections: (a) overview and historical perspective of cognitive control, its subcomponent processes, and its neural substrate; (b) most common types of tasks used to assess and/or manipulate the level of control; (c) main research findings obtained with various imaging methodologies, with a focus on ERP data, and briefer overviews of oscillatory (event-related spectral perturbations) and fMRI data; (d) major theories of cognitive control; and (e) discussion of open questions regarding how to integrate the various dimensions of control, as well as the faster versus slower temporal dynamics informing this complex and multifaceted concept.

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Section: Response Inhibition Paradigmsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dynamics of cognitive control: Theoretical bases, paradigms, and a view for the future

et al. 2017

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“…As such, it might not be surprising that we found very little evidence for improvements in the AX-CPT BSI score as a result of IC training, in fact, the IC training group was the only group that kept relying on a relatively reactive strategy despite (or maybe because) receiving targeted training. One could speculate that our intervention might have inadvertently discouraged children to use a proactive control strategy, leading to an increase in BX errors and a decrease in AY errors (Table S1), along with relatively lower BSI error scores in this group, and as such, preventing the maturational shift from reactive to proactive processes (Chevalier et al, 2014;Gonthier, Macnamara, Chow, Conway, & Braver, 2016;Lucenet & Blaye, 2014). That is, while the performance in AX-CPT benefits from a proactive strategy (i.e.…”

Section: Ic Trainingmentioning

confidence: 99%

The malleability of executive function in early childhood: Effects of schooling and targeted training

Zhang

Wang

Zhao³

et al. 2018

Developmental Science

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Executive function (EF), its importance for scholastic achievement and the question of whether or not EF is malleable, have become a topic of intense interest. Education or schooling is often seen as effective approaches to enhance EF due to the specific school-related requirements as compared to kindergarten or pre-school. However, no study to date has investigated whether targeted training focusing on those domains might be comparable with regular schooling in improving EF and fluid intelligence (Gf). The aim of the present study was to replicate and extend the previously demonstrated schooling effects on EF by using a school-cutoff design, and to further investigate whether a theoretically motivated intervention targeting specific EF, i.e., working memory (WM) or inhibitory control (IC), could achieve comparable effects with schooling in both, WM and IC, as well as Gf. 91 6-year-old kindergarteners and first-graders with similar chronological age participated the study. We compared the performance of a first-grade schooling group with that of two kindergarten training groups as well as a business-as-usual kindergarten control group. Participants were assessed in WM, IC and Gf at baseline, immediately after the intervention (posttest), as well as 3 months after training completion (follow-up). The results showed that the schooling group indeed outperformed the kindergarten groups at baseline in several cognitive tasks. Furthermore, both the WM and IC training showed pronounced gains in the trained tasks, as well as varying degrees of improvement in non-trained outcome measures. Most importantly, both training groups achieved comparable performance with the schooling group, which was especially apparent in Gf at follow-up. Our findings provide further evidence for the malleability of EF demonstrating that both, long-term and short-term interventions can facilitate the acquisition of those important skills, and as such, our work has important implications for educational practice.

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“…Additionally, we explored the training effect on reactive cognitive control, which is instead intended as a pastoriented mechanism, activated just-in-time by target stimuli to detect and solve interference in unexpected stimuli. To this aim, a modified version of the traditional AX-CPT paradigm was administered to a group of MBSR trainees and to a control group of Pilates trainees (Gonthier et al 2016;Richmond et al 2015). Both behavioral and ERP data were examined.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In a study (Li et al 2018), the AX-Continuous Performance Task (AX-CPT) paradigm was used. This paradigm tests the dynamic interaction between proactive and reactive cognitive control mechanisms (e.g., Dias et al 2003;Gonthier et al 2016;Morales et al 2015;Richmond et al 2015). The task requires to respond to probe stimulus according to the preceding cue stimulus.…”

Section: For a Review)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To estimate the amount of proactive control, additional behavioral indices were computed by comparing performance across trial types, specifically, d′-context, A-cue bias, and proactive behavioral index (PBI; Barch et al 2001;Braver et al 2009;Gonthier et al 2016;Richmond et al 2015). The first two indices, d′-context and A-cue bias, correspond to d′ and c criterion, respectively, as described in the Signal Detection Theory (Stanislaw and Todorov 1999).…”

Section: Behavioral Datamentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Effects of 8-Week Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction Program on Cognitive Control: an EEG Study

et al. 2019

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Objectives Mindfulness practice can enhance different aspects of attentional functions, such as the ability to sustain the attentional focus over time. However, it is still unclear whether this practice might indeed impact higher cognitive functions, such as control mechanisms that allow the appropriate and flexible allocation of attentional resources. In this longitudinal study, changes associated with a mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) program were investigated, with a focus on proactive and reactive cognitive control mechanisms, namely, the ability to maintain task-relevant information and to prepare in advance the response, and the ability to promptly adjust overlearned behaviors in response to conflicting stimuli. Methods Two groups of participants took part in the study: 26 participants who completed a formal MBSR training (mean age = 43 years, females = 21) and 23 participants who performed a control training (mean age = 47.2 years, females = 20). They were tested on a modified AX-continuous performance task (AX-CPT), before and after eight weeks of training. The electroencephalographic (EEG) signal was recorded during task execution, and amplitude modulations of event-related potentials (ERPs) associated with cues and probes were examined. Results After the training, the MBSR group exhibited a significant reduction of errors on high conflicting trials. Concurrently, the Contingent Negative Variation (CNV), an ERP index of anticipatory processes elicited by task cues, became more pronounced in the post-training session in the MBSR group only. In addition, an attenuated probe-locked N2 and an increased P3a component emerged. Conclusions Taken together, the behavioral and electrophysiological results suggest that the mindfulness practice enhanced the ability to implement both proactive and reactive cognitive control processes.

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Inducing Proactive Control Shifts in the AX-CPT

Cited by 105 publications

References 44 publications

Dynamics of cognitive control: Theoretical bases, paradigms, and a view for the future

Dynamics of cognitive control: Theoretical bases, paradigms, and a view for the future

The malleability of executive function in early childhood: Effects of schooling and targeted training

The Effects of 8-Week Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction Program on Cognitive Control: an EEG Study

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