Induction of Compression Wood in Rooted Cuttings of Pseudotsuga Menziesii (MIRB.) Franco by Indole-3-Acetic Acid

Starbuck, Christopher J.; Phelps, John E.

doi:10.1163/22941932-90000431

Cited by 7 publications

(5 citation statements)

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“…Gravistimulation of primary roots and shoots resulting in differential growth responses and geotropism is mediated by auxin efflux regulators and a lateral transport of IAA toward the lower side in coleoptiles, shoots, and roots as demonstrated in maize coleoptiles, snapdragon, and Arabidopsis (Philippar et al, 1999;Philosoph-Hadas et al, 2001;Friml et al, 2002). In line with these findings, experiments where radiolabeled IAA was applied to woody horizontal shoots of both gymnosperms and angiosperms species have shown that transport is also favored toward the lower side (Leach and Wareing, 1967;Starbuck and Phelps, 1986;Lachaud, 1986). Endogenous levels of IAA were not measured in these experiments, but in the much older stems of pine and poplar used in our study, gravistimulation did not seem to induce any downward redistribution of IAA.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 65%

Patterns of Auxin Distribution during Gravitational Induction of Reaction Wood in Poplar and Pine

2004

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Gravistimulation of tree stems affects wood development by unilaterally inducing wood with modified properties, called reaction wood. Commonly, it also stimulates cambial growth on the reaction wood side. Numerous experiments involving applications of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) or IAA-transport inhibitors have suggested that reaction wood is induced by a redistribution of IAA around the stem. However, in planta proof for this model is lacking. Therefore, we have mapped endogenous IAA distribution across the cambial region tissues in both aspen (Populus tremula, denoted poplar) and Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) trees forming reaction wood, using tangential cryosectioning combined with sensitive gas chromatographymass spectrometry analysis. Moreover, we have documented the kinetics of IAA during reaction wood induction in these species. Our analysis of endogenous IAA demonstrates that reaction wood is formed without any obvious alterations in IAA balance. This is in contrast to gravitropic responses in roots and shoots where a redistribution of IAA has been documented. It is also of interest that cambial growth on the tension wood side was stimulated without an increase in IAA. Taken together, our results suggest a role for signals other than IAA in the reaction wood response, or that the gravitational stimulus interacts with the IAA signal transduction pathway.Displacement of stems and branches by wind or mechanical stress in woody species results in the formation of reaction wood. This response is unilateral and beneficial for the tree in that it creates physical strains in the wood that force the stem or branch back toward its original orientation in space (Scurfield, 1973;Wilson and Archer, 1977;Timell, 1986). Angiosperm and gymnosperm trees differ in their nature of reaction wood. In angiosperm trees, such as poplar, reaction wood is called tension wood and forms on the upper side of stems that have been displaced. Tension wood characteristically has few, small vessels, and fibers with an inner gelatinous cell wall layer (the G-layer) that consists of almost pure cellulose with microfibrils that are parallel to the long cell axis (Haygreen and Bowyer, 1996;Jourez et al., 2001). In gymnosperm trees, such as pine, reaction wood is called compression wood and forms at the lower side of displaced stems. Compression wood is characterized by short, rounded tracheids that have thick walls with increased lignin content and increased microfibril angles (Timell, 1969). The formation of reaction wood is often (but not always) accompanied by a stimulation of cambial cell division, whereas the cell division at the opposite side is more or less inhibited.The physiology and development of reaction wood formation has been extensively explored (particularly in gymnosperms) and reviewed in great detail by Timell (1986). The induction of reaction wood by gravistimuli rather than by mechanical stimulation has been deduced from a large number of bending, leaning, and clinostat experiments. Reaction wood can also be induced by int...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 65%

Patterns of Auxin Distribution during Gravitational Induction of Reaction Wood in Poplar and Pine

2004

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“…2) The individual cell, as the fundamental unit of all living organisms, can be isolated from tissues and its capability for differentiation investigated in cell suspensions or as protoplasts lacking cell walls (Albinger & Beiderbeck 1983;Reynolds 1987;Church 1993;Leinhos & Savidge 1993). 3) Individual plant tissues can be explanted to defined environmental conditions in attempts to induce or inhibit differentiation (Minocha & Halperin 1976;Liskova 1985;Kutemozinskaet al 1988Kutemozinskaet al , 1991Wilson & Wilson 1991;Savidge 1983bSavidge , 1993bLeitch & Savidge 1995).4) Plant organs, such as stem or root Guttings, have long served as convenient bioassays to investigate xylogenesis (Loomis & Torrey 1964;Torrey & Loomis 1967;Sheriff 1983;Zakrzewski 1983;Gersani 1987;Savidge 1994).5) Finally, development can be investigated in whole plants (Blum 1971;Sharma et al 1979;Starbuck & Phelps 1986;McDaniel et al 1990;Little & Sundberg 1991;Burrows et al 1992;Ma & Steeves 1992;Wang et al 1995). With the increasing technological capability to transform plants genetically, the whole plant bioassay system is becoming an important one for determining the roles of particular genes in controlling morphogenesis (Li et al 1992;Sitbon et al 1992;Halpin et al 1994;Klee & Romano 1994).…”

Section: 'Llysiologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Xylogenesis, Genetic and Environmental Regulation-A Review-

Savidge¹

1996

IAWA J

135

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A critique is provided of the physical and chemical control of primary and secondary xylem development in terms of mechanics, genetics, phylogenetics, and the larger field of plant physiology. Strengths and weaknesses of the phytohormone theory of vascular development are analyzed. Homeobox genes, sub-cellular phytohormone localization, anatomical responses to varied phytohormone ratios and dosages, polar auxin transport, second messengers, radial fluxes in water potential, intercellular signalling, lignin biochemistry, and the phylogenetic position of bryophytes in relation to xylogenesis are identified as some areas for future research. Homeodomain proteins are addressed in terms of cambial initials and cell-fate determination, and other genetic and environmental factors controlling differentiation of diverse cellular phenotypes are reviewed. As a 'continuum hypothesis', it is proposed that the extent of secondary wall sculpturing during tracheary element differentiation is a function of the duration of homeotic gene expression.

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“…A positive correlation was reported between CW formation and accumulation of IAA in cuttings of Douglas fir stems (Starbuck and Roberts, 1983;Starbuck and Phelps, 1986). Sundberg et al (1994) hypothesized that CW formation may be a characteristic of agents effective in blocking the polar transport of endogenous IAA.…”

mentioning

confidence: 97%

Compression Wood-Responsive Proteins in Developing Xylem of Maritime Pine (Pinus pinasterAit.),

Plomion¹,

Pionneau²,

Brach³

et al. 2000

Plant Physiology

103

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When a conifer shoot is displaced from its vertical position, compression wood (CW) is formed on the under side and can eventually return the shoot to its original position. Changes in cell wall structure and chemistry associated with CW are likely to result from differential gene/protein expression. Two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of differentiating xylem proteins was combined with the physical characterization of wooden samples to identify and characterize CW-responsive proteins. Differentiating xylem was harvested from a 22-year-old crooked maritime pine (Pinus pinaster Ait.) tree. Protein extracted from different samples were revealed by high-resolution silver stained two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and analyzed with a computer-assisted system for single spot quantification. Growth strain (GS) measurements allowed xylem samples to be classified quantitatively from normal wood to CW. Regression of lignin and cellulose content on GS showed that an increase in the percentage of lignin and a decrease of the percentage of cellulose corresponded to increasing GS values, i.e. CW. Of the 137 studied spots, 19% were significantly associated with GS effect. Up-regulated proteins included 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate oxidase (an ethylene forming enzyme), a putative transcription factor, two lignification genes (caffeic O-methyltransferase and caffeoyl CoA-O-methyltransferase), members of the S-adenosyl-l-methionine-synthase gene family, and enzymes involved in nitrogen and carbon assimilation (glutamine synthetase and fructokinase). A clustered correlation analysis was performed to study simultaneously protein expression along a gradient of gravistimulated stressed xylem tissue. Proteins were found to form "expression clusters" that could identify: (a) Gene product under similar control mechanisms, (b) partner proteins, or (c) functional groups corresponding to specialized pathways. The possibility of obtaining regulatory correlations and anticorrelations between proteins provide us with a new category of homology (regulatory homology) in tracing functional relationships.

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Induction of Compression Wood in Rooted Cuttings of Pseudotsuga Menziesii (MIRB.) Franco by Indole-3-Acetic Acid

Cited by 7 publications

References 4 publications

Patterns of Auxin Distribution during Gravitational Induction of Reaction Wood in Poplar and Pine

Patterns of Auxin Distribution during Gravitational Induction of Reaction Wood in Poplar and Pine

Xylogenesis, Genetic and Environmental Regulation-A Review-

Compression Wood-Responsive Proteins in Developing Xylem of Maritime Pine (Pinus pinasterAit.),

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