Inequalities in mortality during and after restructuring of the New Zealand economy: repeated cohort studies

Blakely, Tony; Tobias, Martin; Atkinson, June

doi:10.1136/bmj.39455.596181.25

Cited by 84 publications

(83 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…To test for linear trends, we regressed each measure on period using ordinary least squares to obtain the P value for the period. 23 The x-values for period were -5.5, 0.5, 4.5, and 8.5 to center period on 1996 and to account for the longer first period. Trends with P < .05 are statistically significant.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Trends in Mortality Risk by Education Level and Cause of Death Among US White Women From 1986 to 2006

Montez

Zajacova

2013

Am J Public Health

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Objectives. To elucidate why the inverse association between education level and mortality risk (the gradient) has increased markedly among White women since the mid-1980s, we identified causes of death for which the gradient increased. Methods. We used data from the 1986 to 2006 National Health Interview Survey Linked Mortality File on non-Hispanic White women aged 45 to 84 years (n = 230 692). We examined trends in the gradient by cause of death across 4 time periods and 4 education levels using age-standardized death rates. Results. During 1986 to 2002, the growing gradient for all-cause mortality reflected increasing mortality among low-educated women and declining mortality among college-educated women; during 2003 to 2006 it mainly reflected declining mortality among college-educated women. The gradient increased for heart disease, lung cancer, chronic lower respiratory disease, cerebrovascular disease, diabetes, and Alzheimer’s disease. Lung cancer and chronic lower respiratory disease explained 47% of the overall increase. Conclusions. Mortality disparities among White women widened across 1986 to 2006 partially because of causes of death for which smoking is a major risk factor. A comprehensive policy framework should address the social conditions that influence smoking among disadvantaged women.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Trends in Mortality Risk by Education Level and Cause of Death Among US White Women From 1986 to 2006

Montez

Zajacova

2013

Am J Public Health

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“…There are clear disparities in mortality in New Zealand across both socioeconomic (20) and ethnic (21) groups, and the close relationship between ethnicity and socioeconomic position needs to be acknowledged in understanding these patterns (22). We have previously described inequalities in cancer survival across different ethnic groups in New Zealand (23).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Socioeconomic Inequalities in Cancer Survival in New Zealand: The Role of Extent of Disease at Diagnosis

Jeffreys

Sarfati

Stevanović

et al. 2009

Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers &Amp; Prevention

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We examined socioeconomic inequalities in cancer survival in New Zealand among 132,006 people ages 15 to 99 years who had a cancer registered (1994)(1995)(1996)(1997)(1998)(1999)(2000)(2001)(2002)(2003) and were followed up to 2004. Relative survival rates (RSR) were calculated using deprivation-specific life tables. A census-based measure of socioeconomic position (New Zealand deprivation based on the 1996 census) based on residence at the time of cancer registration was used. All RSRs were age-standardized, and further standardization was used to investigate the effect of extent of disease at diagnosis on survival. Weighted linear regression was used to estimate the deprivation gap (slope index of inequality) between the most and least deprived cases. Socioeconomic inequalities in cancer survival were evident for all of the major cancer sites, with the deprivation gap being particularly high for prostate (À0.15), kidney and uterus (both À0.14), bladder (À0.12), colorectum (À0.10), and brain (+0.10). Accounting for extent of disease explained some of the inequalities in survival from breast and colorectal cancer and melanoma and all of the deprivation gaps in survival of cervical cancer; however, it did not affect RSRs for cancers of the kidney, uterus, and brain. No substantial differences between the total compared with the non-Māori population were found, indicating that the findings were not due to confounding by ethnicity. In summary, socioeconomic disparities in survival were consistent for nearly all cancer sites, persisted in ethnic-specific analyses, and were only partially explained by differential extent of disease at diagnosis. Further investigation of reasons for persisting inequalities is required. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2009;18(3):915-21)

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“…Third, continued economic growth using the current model is likely to lead to further growth in inequalities of both wealth and health. 23 Inequality levels amongst the most developed countries have increased steadily for the last 25 Figure 1 The dilemma of sigmoid curves in the response of health to economic growth. 11 24 Thus, there seems to be an association between economic growth and increasing inequality between and within developed countries during the period from 1980 (although there is insufficient evidence to suggest that this is an inevitable consequence of growth for poorer countries, as China and India are driving a reduction in inequality globally).…”

Section: Inequalitiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Climate change and rising energy costs: A threat but also an opportunity for a healthier future?

McCartney

Hanlon

2008

Public Health

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Inequalities in mortality during and after restructuring of the New Zealand economy: repeated cohort studies

Cited by 84 publications

References 33 publications

Trends in Mortality Risk by Education Level and Cause of Death Among US White Women From 1986 to 2006

Trends in Mortality Risk by Education Level and Cause of Death Among US White Women From 1986 to 2006

Socioeconomic Inequalities in Cancer Survival in New Zealand: The Role of Extent of Disease at Diagnosis

Climate change and rising energy costs: A threat but also an opportunity for a healthier future?

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