Infection and Immune Memory: Variables in Robust Protection by Vaccines Against SARS-CoV-2

With the constantly mutating of SARS-CoV-2 and the emergence of Variants of Concern (VOC), the implementation of vaccination is critically important. Existing SARS-CoV-2 vaccines mainly include inactivated, live attenuated, viral vector, protein subunit, RNA, DNA, and virus-like particle (VLP) vaccines. Viral vector vaccines, protein subunit vaccines, and mRNA vaccines may induce additional cellular or humoral immune regulations, including Th cell responses and germinal center responses, and form relevant memory cells, greatly improving their efficiency. However, some viral vector or mRNA vaccines may be associated with complications like thrombocytopenia and myocarditis, raising concerns about the safety of these COVID-19 vaccines. Here, we systemically assess the safety and efficacy of COVID-19 vaccines, including the possible complications and different effects on pregnant women, the elderly, people with immune diseases and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), transplant recipients, and cancer patients. Based on the current analysis, governments and relevant agencies are recommended to continue to advance the vaccine immunization process. Simultaneously, special attention should be paid to the health status of the vaccines, timely treatment of complications, vaccine development, and ensuring the lives and health of patients. In addition, available measures such as mix-and-match vaccination, developing new vaccines like nanoparticle vaccines, and optimizing immune adjuvant to improve vaccine safety and efficacy could be considered.

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“…In addition, memory cells induced by COVID-19 vaccines play an important role in vaccine immunity. 23 – 25 …”

Section: Vaccine-induced Immunitymentioning

confidence: 99%

COVID-19 vaccine development: milestones, lessons and prospects

Wang²,

Tian

et al. 2022

Sig Transduct Target Ther

265

211

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“…A pivotal question in the process of vaccination promotion is whether individuals who have previously been infected with SARS-CoV-2 need to be vaccinated with multiple doses, because these people have developed a primary immune response to the virus during natural infection (Juno et al, 2020;Ahluwalia et al, 2021;Dan et al, 2021). This issue is particularly important in environments where vaccine supply is limited and vaccine deployment is challenging.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transcriptome Analysis of Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells in SARS-CoV-2 Naïve and Recovered Individuals Vaccinated With Inactivated Vaccine

Zhang

Guo

et al. 2022

Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol.

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The urgent approval of the use of the inactivated COVID-19 vaccine is essential to reduce the threat and burden of the epidemic on global public health, however, our current understanding of the host immune response to inactivated vaccine remains limited. Herein, we performed serum IgG antibody detection and transcriptomics analysis on 20 SARS-CoV-2 naïve individuals who received multiple doses of inactivated vaccine and 5 SARS-CoV-2 recovered individuals who received single dose of inactivated vaccine. Our research revealed the important role of many innate immune pathways after vaccination, identified a significant correlation with the third dose of booster vaccine and proteasome-related genes, and found that SARS-CoV-2 recovered individuals can produces a strong immune response to a single dose of inactivated vaccine. These results help us understand the reaction mechanism of the host’s molecular immune system to the inactivated vaccine, and provide a basis for the choice of vaccination strategy.

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“…The forgoing ensures a powerful, feasible, fast, valuable, cheap, highly specific, thoroughly analysed and deeply developed molecular methodology for COVID-19 control for complete and full protection of humankind (86)(87)(88).…”

Section: Sequential and 3d Structural Analysis Of Colsarsprot Peptidesmentioning

confidence: 99%

The First Chemically-Synthesised, Highly Immunogenic Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Peptides in DNA Genotyped Aotus Monkeys for Human Use

Patarroyo

Alba

et al. 2021

Front. Immunol.

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Thirty-five peptides selected from functionally-relevant SARS-CoV-2 spike (S), membrane (M), and envelope (E) proteins were suitably modified for immunising MHC class II (MHCII) DNA-genotyped Aotus monkeys and matched with HLA-DRβ1* molecules for use in humans. This was aimed at producing the first minimal subunit-based, chemically-synthesised, immunogenic molecules (COLSARSPROT) covering several HLA alleles. They were predicted to cover 48.25% of the world’s population for 6 weeks (short-term) and 33.65% for 15 weeks (long-lasting) as they induced very high immunofluorescent antibody (IFA) and ELISA titres against S, M and E parental native peptides, SARS-CoV-2 neutralising antibodies and host cell infection. The same immunological methods that led to identifying new peptides for inclusion in the COLSARSPROT mixture were used for antigenicity studies. Peptides were analysed with serum samples from patients suffering mild or severe SARS-CoV-2 infection, thereby increasing chemically-synthesised peptides’ potential coverage for the world populations up to 62.9%. These peptides’ 3D structural analysis (by 1H-NMR acquired at 600 to 900 MHz) suggested structural-functional immunological association. This first multi-protein, multi-epitope, minimal subunit-based, chemically-synthesised, highly immunogenic peptide mixture highlights such chemical synthesis methodology’s potential for rapidly obtaining very pure, highly reproducible, stable, cheap, easily-modifiable peptides for inducing immune protection against COVID-19, covering a substantial percentage of the human population.

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Infection and Immune Memory: Variables in Robust Protection by Vaccines Against SARS-CoV-2

Cited by 20 publications

References 147 publications

COVID-19 vaccine development: milestones, lessons and prospects

COVID-19 vaccine development: milestones, lessons and prospects

Transcriptome Analysis of Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells in SARS-CoV-2 Naïve and Recovered Individuals Vaccinated With Inactivated Vaccine

The First Chemically-Synthesised, Highly Immunogenic Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Peptides in DNA Genotyped Aotus Monkeys for Human Use

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