“…Neither application of shooty teratomas instead of hairy roots as the propagation host, nor nutrient supplementation using semi-continuous culture operation, was effective in reducing the extent of infectivity loss. It is known that high virus concentrations are maintained in hairy roots with already-established TMV infections after subculturing and further biomass growth (Shadwick and Doran, 2007b), suggesting that viral infectivity may be recovered depending on the culture conditions applied.…”