Infective Endocarditis: A Focus on Oral Microbiota

Giudice, Carmela Del; Vaia, E; Liccardo, Daniela; Marzano, Federica; Valletta, Alessandra; Spagnuolo, Gianrico; Ferrara, Nicola; Rengo, Carlo; Cannavò, Alessandro; Rengo, Giuseppe

doi:10.3390/microorganisms9061218

Cited by 57 publications

(50 citation statements)

References 148 publications

(184 reference statements)

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“…Indeed, increasing evidence has revealed that dysbiosis is closely connected to many diseases, including autoimmune diseases [e.g., rheumatoid arthritis ( Gianchecchi and Fierabracci, 2019 ; Alghamdi and Redwan, 2021 ) and multiple sclerosis ( Tsunoda, 2017 ; Zeng et al., 2019 ; Wang et al., 2021 )], inflammatory diseases [e.g., ankylosing spondylitis ( Ciccia et al., 2017 ; Wen et al., 2017 ; Berlinberg et al., 2021 ), infective endocarditis ( Del Giudice et al., 2021 ), and inflammatory bowel disease ( Kassam et al., 2018 ; Gianchecchi and Fierabracci, 2019 ; Pavel et al., 2021 )], and ocular diseases [e.g., age-related macular degeneration ( Rowan et al., 2017 ; Rinninella et al., 2018 ), diabetic retinopathy ( Beli et al., 2018 ), dry eye ( Cavuoto et al., 2019 ; Trujillo-Vargas et al., 2020 ), glaucoma ( Chen et al., 2018 ; Doulberis et al., 2019 ), and uveitis ( Fu et al., 2021 )].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Role of the Microbiota in Graves’ Disease and Graves’ Orbitopathy

Hou

Tang²,

Chen³

et al. 2021

Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol.

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Graves‘ disease (GD) is a clinical syndrome with an enlarged and overactive thyroid gland, an accelerated heart rate, Graves’ orbitopathy (GO), and pretibial myxedema (PTM). GO is the most common extrathyroidal complication of GD. GD/GO has a significant negative impact on the quality of life. GD is the most common systemic autoimmune disorder, mediated by autoantibodies to the thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor (TSHR). It is generally accepted that GD/GO results from complex interactions between genetic and environmental factors that lead to the loss of immune tolerance to thyroid antigens. However, the exact mechanism is still elusive. Systematic investigations into GD/GO animal models and clinical patients have provided important new insight into these disorders during the past 4 years. These studies suggested that gut microbiota may play an essential role in the pathogenesis of GD/GO. Antibiotic vancomycin can reduce disease severity, but fecal material transfer (FMT) from GD/GO patients exaggerates the disease in GD/GO mouse models. There are significant differences in microbiota composition between GD/GO patients and healthy controls. Lactobacillus, Prevotella, and Veillonella often increase in GD patients. The commonly used therapeutic agents for GD/GO can also affect the gut microbiota. Antigenic mimicry and the imbalance of T helper 17 cells (Th17)/regulatory T cells (Tregs) are the primary mechanisms proposed for dysbiosis in GD/GO. Interventions including antibiotics, probiotics, and diet modification that modulate the gut microbiota have been actively investigated in preclinical models and, to some extent, in clinical settings, such as probiotics (Bifidobacterium longum) and selenium supplements. Future studies will reveal molecular pathways linking gut and thyroid functions and how they impact orbital autoimmunity. Microbiota-targeting therapeutics will likely be an essential strategy in managing GD/GO in the coming years.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Role of the Microbiota in Graves’ Disease and Graves’ Orbitopathy

Hou

Tang²,

Chen³

et al. 2021

Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol.

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“…Control of dental plaque formation is an important step in preventing periodontal diseases, dental caries, and other disorders, which is usually done using mechanical and chemical methods [ 27 , 28 ]. Chemical methods are particularly used when appropriate mechanical control is not possible due to conditions such as surgery or mental and physical disabilities.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of antimicrobial and wound-healing effects of silver nanoparticle and chlorhexidine mouthwashes: an in vivo study in rabbits

et al. 2022

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The objective is to formulate a silver nanoparticle mouthwash and then evaluate its antimicrobial and wound-healing effects in rabbit animal models. Microbial samples were collected from the oral cavity of 60 rabbits. Thereafter, standardized wounds were created in the lateral border of the tongue on the right side for all rabbits. After surgery, digital photographs were obtained from the wounds with standardized settings. To characterize the silver nanoparticles used in the synthetic mouthwash, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and digital light scattering analysis were used. The animal models were then randomly divided into 4 groups: group 1 received 9.80 wt% silver nanoparticle mouthwash; group 2 received all the ingredients of the formulated mouthwash except for silver nanoparticles; group 3 received chlorhexidine 2.0% mouthwash; and the negative control group did not receive any postoperative mouthwash. Microbial samples were collected from oral cavity of the rabbits each day for four postoperative days. Colony-forming unit (CFU) counts were compared post-operatively with the pre-operative counts. In addition, standardized digital photographs were taken each day from the wounds and the area of the wounds was compared in postoperative and pre-operative images. Data were statistically analyzed using one-way ANOVA and repeated measures variance analysis (α = 0.05). TEM revealed spherical morphology of silver nanoparticles and digital light scattering showed an average size of 5 nm and optimal distribution of the nanoparticles. CFU count significantly decreased in groups 1 and 3 (P < 0.001), while it significantly increased in groups 2 and 4 (P < 0.001). Moreover, a significant difference was observed between the experimental groups (P < 0.001). In addition, wound area decreased significantly in all groups (P < 0.001). However, the difference between wound areas in the groups was not significant, except for the 4th postoperative day (P < 0.001). However, the antibacterial effects and the wound-healing characteristics of the synthetic silver nanoparticle and chlorhexidine mouthwashes were not significantly different (P > 0.05). Silver nanoparticle mouthwash possesses favorable antibacterial and wound-healing effects. The formulated 9.80 wt% silver nanoparticle mouthwash with a particle size of 5 nm can be a promising alternative for application after oral surgical procedures.

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“…The differential microbial species and metabolites in the GCF among those with periodontal pathology and healthy subjects are potential biological indicators, indicating a possible approach to forecast, diagnose, and accomplish individualized periodontal treatment [ 133 , 134 , 135 , 136 ]. Periodontal pathology is related to misbalanced homeostasis in the oral tissues, microbial progression, and development of the dental biofilm on the dental prostheses.…”

Section: Bacteriological Evaluation Following Dental Prosthesesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fixed Prosthetic Restorations and Periodontal Health: A Narrative Review

Srimaneepong

Heboyan

Zafar

et al. 2022

JFB

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Periodontal health plays an important role in the longevity of prosthodontic restorations. The issues of comparative assessment of prosthetic constructions are complicated and not fully understood. The aim of this article is to review and present the current knowledge regarding the various technical, clinical, and molecular aspects of different prosthetic biomaterials and highlight the interactions between periodontal health and prosthetic restorations. Articles on periodontal health and fixed dental prostheses were searched using the keywords “zirconium”, “CAD/CAM”, “dental ceramics”, “metal–ceramics”, “margin fit”, “crown”, “fixed dental prostheses”, “periodontium”, and “margin gap” in PubMed/Medline, Scopus, Google Scholar, and Science Direct. Further search criteria included being published in English, and between January 1981 and September 2021. Then, relevant articles were selected, included, and critically analyzed in this review. The margin of discrepancy results in the enhanced accumulation of dental biofilm, microleakage, hypersensitivity, margin discoloration, increased gingival crevicular fluid flow (GCF), recurrent caries, pulp infection and, lastly, periodontal lesion and bone loss, which can lead to the failure of prosthetic treatment. Before starting prosthetic treatment, the condition of the periodontal tissues should be assessed for their oral hygiene status, and gingival and periodontal conditions. Zirconium-based restorations made from computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) technology provide better results, in terms of marginal fit, inflammation reduction, maintenance, and the restoration of periodontal health and oral hygiene, compared to constructions made by conventional methods, and from other alloys. Compared to subgingival margins, supragingival margins offer better oral hygiene, which can be maintained and does not lead to secondary caries or periodontal disease.

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Infective Endocarditis: A Focus on Oral Microbiota

Cited by 57 publications

References 148 publications

The Role of the Microbiota in Graves’ Disease and Graves’ Orbitopathy

The Role of the Microbiota in Graves’ Disease and Graves’ Orbitopathy

Comparison of antimicrobial and wound-healing effects of silver nanoparticle and chlorhexidine mouthwashes: an in vivo study in rabbits

Fixed Prosthetic Restorations and Periodontal Health: A Narrative Review

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