Inflammation versus mechanical stretch biomarkers over time in acutely decompensated heart failure with reduced ejection fraction

Estimates of global HIV/AIDS mortality, prevalence and incidence rates, and their association with the Human Development Index

“…In most African countries, HIV/AIDS has shown an inverse association with primary education, especially in girls (Wong et al, 2017). In these countries the death of parents due to AIDS is frequent; the issue of family economic situations will aggravate and also will increase the number of children dismissed from school (Boulogne et al, 2017;Lou et al, 2014). On the other hand, an important factor that has a major role in prevention of HIV transmission is mean years of schooling.…”

“…The Human Development Index (HDI) is associated with the development of societies; it is composed of the mean scores of the three indexes of life expectancy at the time of birth, gross national product (GNP) per capita, and education. Some of the (Boulogne et al, 2017;Boutayeb, 2009;Colecraft, 2008;de Freitas Souza et al, 2017). …”

Up-to-date clinical approaches of biomarkers’ use in heart failure

“…The main biological function of galectin-3 is to activate the fibroblasts for further collagen synthesis (Boulogne et al, 2017). Recent pre-clinical and clinical studies revealed the pivotal role of galectin-3 in progressive accumulation of extracellular matrix leading to cardiac fibrosis, cardiac remodeling, and worsening cardiac performances associated with impaired systolic and diastolic function, dilation of cardiac cavities, and induce of cardiac arrhythmias (de Freitas Souza et al, 2017).…”

Biomarkers in Heart Failure

“…The main biological function of galectin-3 is to activate the fibroblasts for further collagen synthesis [6]. Recent pre-clinical and clinical studies revealed the pivotal role of galectin-3 in progressive accumulation of extracellular matrix leading to cardiac fibrosis, cardiac remodeling, and worsening cardiac performances associated with impaired systolic and diastolic function, dilation of cardiac cavities, and induce of cardiac arrhythmias [7].…”

“…It has been found that serum levels of sST2 in acute HF/acutely decompensated HF were dramatically increased on admission and appeared to be decreased rapidly depending on clinical improvement. Therefore, sST2 in HF has well correlated with BNP and GDF15 levels [12]. Prognostic importance of sST2 was served for prediction of all-cause mortality, CV death and HF admission in HFrEF/HFpEF.…”