Inflammatory Mediators Release in Urine from Mice Injected withCrotalus durissus terrificusVenom

Abstract

In this study, we investigated in groups of female BALB/c mice injected with Crotalus durissus terrificus venom (Cdt) the renal function based on creatinine clearance, percentage of fractional excretion cytokines and histological examination of renal tissue. Cdt caused renal alterations that induced proteinuria during the initial hours post-venom and reduced creatinine clearance 15 min. up to 2 hours post-venom administration. In urine from mice injected with Cdt induced a decrease in IL-4 levels. More pronounced increments of IL-5, IL-6 and IFN-γ were observed after 15 and 30 min, respectively. The highest levels of TNF and IL-10 were observed at 1 and 4 hs, respectively. The ratios of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in animals injected with Cdt, which may be manifested in the inflammatory status during the envenoming. In groups of animals treated with Cdt were observed a decreasing in creatinine clearance and its effect on glomerular filtration rate was accompanied by decreased fractional excretion of cytokines and morphologic disturbances. This loss of change selectively in envenomation could thus explain why the relatively excretion of cytokines is reduced while of total proteins increases. In conclusion the fractional excretion of cytokines is significantly reduced in mice injected with Cdt, despite proteinuria.

Anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive activities of the ethanolic extract of Bougainvillea xbuttiana

“…These findings with low levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and high levels of anti-inflammatory cytokines may contribute to its antiinflammatory and analgesic effects. These results were in accordance with others authors (Coffman and Mosmann, 1991;Hernandez Cruz et al, 2011). Nitric oxide is synthesized by the NO synthase and is an important mediator in the regulation of cell functions (Moncada et al, 1991).…”

Biological Effects of Animal Venoms on the Human Immune System

“…The urine of mice that were intraperitoneally injected with C. durissus terrificus venom showed increased concentrations of TNF-α, IL-10, IL-5, IL-6 and IFN-γ 15 min to 4 h after inoculation, and these levels decreased in urine after 4 h [ 76 , 77 ]. These findings were associated with kidney damage characterized by proteinuria and elevated serum creatinine levels [ 77 ].…”

“…The urine of mice that were intraperitoneally injected with C. durissus terrificus venom showed increased concentrations of TNF-α, IL-10, IL-5, IL-6 and IFN-γ 15 min to 4 h after inoculation, and these levels decreased in urine after 4 h [ 76 , 77 ]. These findings were associated with kidney damage characterized by proteinuria and elevated serum creatinine levels [ 77 ]. The renal alterations are related to the accumulation of proinflammatory cytokines, which induce the rupture and desquamation of the tubular epithelium, favoring the development of proteinuria and the loss of renal function [ 77 , 78 ].…”

“…These findings were associated with kidney damage characterized by proteinuria and elevated serum creatinine levels [ 77 ]. The renal alterations are related to the accumulation of proinflammatory cytokines, which induce the rupture and desquamation of the tubular epithelium, favoring the development of proteinuria and the loss of renal function [ 77 , 78 ].…”