Increased osteoclastic bone resorption leads to periarticular erosions and systemic osteoporosis in RA patients. Although a great deal is known about how osteoclasts differentiate from precursors and resorb bone, the identity of an osteoclast precursor (OCP) population in vivo and its regulatory role in RA remains elusive. Here, we report the identification of a CD11b -/lo Ly6C hi BM population with OCP activity in vitro and in vivo. These cells, which can be distinguished from previously characterized precursors in the myeloid lineage, display features of both M1 and M2 monocytes and expand in inflammatory arthritis models. Surprisingly, in one mouse model of RA (adoptive transfer of SKG arthritis), cotransfer of OCP with SKG CD4 + T cells diminished inflammatory arthritis. Similar to monocytic myeloid-derived suppressor cells (M-MDSCs), OCPs suppressed CD4 + and CD8 + T cell proliferation in vitro through the production of NO. This study identifies a BM myeloid precursor population with osteoclastic and T cell-suppressive activity that is expanded in inflammatory arthritis. Therapeutic strategies that prevent the development of OCPs into mature bone-resorbing cells could simultaneously prevent bone resorption and generate an antiinflammatory milieu in the RA joint.
IntroductionOsteoclasts are the primary bone-resorbing cell and are essential for physiologic bone remodeling. In the absence of either RANK or its ligand RANKL, the essential receptor-ligand pair for osteoclast differentiation and survival, mice lack osteoclasts and have severe osteopetrosis with absence of tooth eruption (1-3). Osteoclasts are myeloid lineage cells that also require M-CSF for differentiation and survival (4, 5). Osteoclasts can be cultured in vitro from BM, peripheral blood, or spleen cells in the presence of M-CSF and RANKL. Although BM CD11b -/lo CD115 + CD117 + cells are enriched in osteoclast differentiation activity (6, 7), the cell-surface phenotype and biology of the BM osteoclast precursor (OCP) and its relationship to other myeloid lineages has not been characterized in depth.The common monocyte DC precursor (MDP) was described as having the cell-surface phenotype CD11b -CD115 + CD117 int (8), and differentiation of monocytes and DCs from MDPs has been intensely studied (reviewed in ref. 9). It is likely that MDPs can also differentiate into osteoclasts, as a population with a similar surface phenotype is capable of differentiation into osteoclasts, macrophages, or DCs, depending on cytokine conditions (6, 10). Recent work confirmed the primary BM OCPs as CD11b -/lo CD115 + CD117 + , although CD117 -cells were also able to differentiate into osteoclasts less efficiently (6, 7). BM OCPs in the human TNFA Tg (hTNF-α-Tg) mouse were identified by others as characterized by the markers CD11b + and Gr-1 -, using the 1A-8 antibody that is specific for the granulocyte Ly6G receptor, the main component of the Gr-1 epitope (11). Recent studies have identified a circulating quiescent lin-