Influence of Detergent on Aerosol Allergic Sensitization with Enzymes of &lt;i&gt;Bacillus subtilis&lt;/i&gt;

Markham, Robert; Wilkie, B.N.

doi:10.1159/000231627

Cited by 18 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…studies in mice (Kawabata et al, 1996), as No damage to the nasal tissue was seen in any of the well as from prior studies in guinea pigs (Markham and animals examined. The 0 mg Alcalase (i.e., detergent only) Wilkie, 1976Wilkie, , 1979 and monkeys (Cashner et al, 1980). It and low Alcalase dose groups showed unremarkable or very is also consistent with numerous studies in mice showing minimal submucosal infiltration of neutrophils along the adjuvant effects of different materials (e.g., diesel particles, respiratory surfaces.…”

Section: Localization Of In Administered Allergensupporting

confidence: 86%

Specific Antibody Responses to Subtilisin Carlsberg (Alcalase) in Mice: Development of an Intranasal Exposure Model

Robinson

Babcock

Horn

et al. 1996

Fundamental and Applied Toxicology

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An intranasal (i.n.) dosing model was developed in mice as a potential alternative to more difficult, time-consuming, and costly guinea pig intratracheal (GPIT) or mouse intratracheal models for assessment of the respiratory immunogenicity of detergent enzymes. Using a benchmark enzyme, Alcalase (protease subtilisin Carlsberg), studies were conducted to standardize the model in terms of mouse strain, dosing and serum harvest regimen, and the primary immunoglobulin endpoint to use. The primary assay endpoint selected was the enzyme-specific IgG1 titer determined by an Alcalase-specific ELISA. This is not the primary allergenic antibody in mice (IgE is); however, IgG1 is coregulated with IgE via the IL-4/TH2 pathway and may have a role in mediating allergic-type responses. BDF1 mice (C57B1/6 x DBA/2) were selected as representative of high responder strains, with high response associated with the H-2b (C57B1/6) parent. The dosing regimen used for most studies incorporated three i.n. exposures (Days 1, 3, and 10) and bleeding of the animals on Day 15. The animals were anesthetized and then immunized by allowing them to inhale 5-microliters aliquots of dosing solution into each nostril at each immunization. Positioning of the animals with their heads down (vs up) may have allowed more of the dosing solution to remain in the nasal region for a slightly longer period of time, but did not change the eventual GI tract migration and excretion of each dose. The presence of a detergent matrix in the enzyme dosing solution enhanced the IgG1 response. Immunizing with enzyme plus detergent gave highly consistent dose-response curves for Alcalase when evaluated over many studies. An enzyme-specific allergic antibody (IgE) response was weak and inconsistent under the dosing regimen used to generate the IgG1 response, but was stronger with longer-term dosing, consistent with the delay in IgE vs IgG1 responses seen in some other studies. Using IgG1 as a surrogate for allergic sensitization, we have preliminary data showing similar differential potencies between Alcalase and other test enzymes as detected in previous GPIT tests. On the basis of these data, we believe the i.n. immunization/IgG1 response model is a robust technique that may be useful in determining the relative immunogenicities of detergent enzymes and other proteins.

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Section: Localization Of In Administered Allergensupporting

confidence: 86%

Specific Antibody Responses to Subtilisin Carlsberg (Alcalase) in Mice: Development of an Intranasal Exposure Model

Robinson

Babcock

Horn

et al. 1996

Fundamental and Applied Toxicology

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“…However, the maximum response was unchanged. The authors speculated that the LAS might have promoted penetration of the inactivated enzyme to the immune system (Markham and Wilkie, 1976). The isotype of the IgG antibodies was not reported, limiting the interpretation.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Do indoor chemicals promote development of airway allergy?

et al. 2007

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Indoor chemicals (pollutants) have been accused to promote development of airway allergy by adjuvant effects. In this review, we evaluated the scientific literature and found little support for the supposition that indoor chemicals possess important adjuvant effects. This rises the question: would it be profitable for abatement of airway allergy to look for non-chemical indoor exposures, including lifestyle factors, and exposures to allergens, microorganisms, including vira, and their interactions?

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“…It was postulated that other ingredients in the synthetic detergent product had adjuvant properties. Inhalation studies conducted in rhesus monkeys and guinea pigs as well as intranasal studies recently conducted in mice showed that exposure to enzyme in the presence of detergent led to a more robust immune and allergic response to the enzyme [33–36]. Additional studies in guinea‐pigs implicated the surfactants in detergent product as having the adjuvant activity (unpublished observations).…”

Section: Animal Models and Assessment Of Allergenic Potential Of Enzymesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Occupational asthma and allergy associated with the use of enzymes in the detergent industry–a review of the epidemiology, toxicology and methods of prevention

Schweigert

MacKenzie

Sarlo³

2000

Clin Experimental Allergy

111

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Influence of Detergent on Aerosol Allergic Sensitization with Enzymes of <i>Bacillus subtilis</i>

Cited by 18 publications

References 19 publications

Specific Antibody Responses to Subtilisin Carlsberg (Alcalase) in Mice: Development of an Intranasal Exposure Model

Specific Antibody Responses to Subtilisin Carlsberg (Alcalase) in Mice: Development of an Intranasal Exposure Model

Do indoor chemicals promote development of airway allergy?

Occupational asthma and allergy associated with the use of enzymes in the detergent industry–a review of the epidemiology, toxicology and methods of prevention

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