Influence of large offshore wind farms on North German climate

Boettcher, Marita; Hoffmann, Peter; Lenhart, Hermann; Schlünzen, K. Heinke; Schoetter, Robert

doi:10.1127/metz/2015/0652

Cited by 21 publications

(31 citation statements)

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“…Therefore, an optimization strategy based on both national and international considerations is required to minimize economic losses and to assess the limits and environmental impacts of industrial offshore energy production. Furthermore, atmospheric wakes can induce ocean responses by modifying the sea surface roughness, atmospheric stability, and heat fluxes, and hence have the potential to influence local climate that requires further investigation 32,52,53 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Accelerating deployment of offshore wind energy alter wind climate and reduce future power generation potentials

Akhtar

Geyer

Rockel

et al. 2021

Sci Rep

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The European Union has set ambitious CO2 reduction targets, stimulating renewable energy production and accelerating deployment of offshore wind energy in northern European waters, mainly the North Sea. With increasing size and clustering, offshore wind farms (OWFs) wake effects, which alter wind conditions and decrease the power generation efficiency of wind farms downwind become more important. We use a high-resolution regional climate model with implemented wind farm parameterizations to explore offshore wind energy production limits in the North Sea. We simulate near future wind farm scenarios considering existing and planned OWFs in the North Sea and assess power generation losses and wind variations due to wind farm wake. The annual mean wind speed deficit within a wind farm can reach 2–2.5 ms−1 depending on the wind farm geometry. The mean deficit, which decreases with distance, can extend 35–40 km downwind during prevailing southwesterly winds. Wind speed deficits are highest during spring (mainly March–April) and lowest during November–December. The large-size of wind farms and their proximity affect not only the performance of its downwind turbines but also that of neighboring downwind farms, reducing the capacity factor by 20% or more, which increases energy production costs and economic losses. We conclude that wind energy can be a limited resource in the North Sea. The limits and potentials for optimization need to be considered in climate mitigation strategies and cross-national optimization of offshore energy production plans are inevitable.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Accelerating deployment of offshore wind energy alter wind climate and reduce future power generation potentials

Akhtar

Geyer

Rockel

et al. 2021

Sci Rep

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“…Many parametrizations use the horizontal grid-cell velocity at a particular model level or at hub height as the reference velocity (Baidya Roy 2004; Keith et al 2004;Blahak et al 2010;Baidya Roy 2011;Adams and Keith 2013;Volker et al 2015). Abkar and Porté-Agel (2015) and apply a correction factor to account for an undisturbed upstream velocity based on the layout, whereas Boettcher et al (2015) use an averaged velocity over the entire wind farm. Redfern et al (2019) account for veer effects by considering the angle between the wind direction and the turbine axis.…”

Section: Parametrization Of Turbine-induced Momentum Sinkmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…4). They differ with respect to the applied coefficient (C T or C P ) and to whether the coefficient is constant (Baidya Roy 2004; Keith et al 2004) or depends on the wind speed (Blahak et al 2010;Baidya Roy 2011;Abkar and Porté-Agel 2015;Boettcher et al 2015;Volker et al 2015;Redfern et al 2019) or includes mechanical losses (Blahak et al 2010). These coefficients are given in Table 3.…”

Section: Parametrization Of Turbine-induced Momentum Sinkmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Out of the 10 identified parametrizations, three (Keith et al 2004;Boettcher et al 2015;Volker et al 2015) neglect a turbine-induced TKE source term, whereas the other seven (Baidya Roy 2004;Blahak et al 2010;Baidya Roy 2011;Adams and Keith 2013;Abkar and Porté-Agel 2015;Redfern et al 2019) include such a term. The source terms in all parametrizations follow the common form…”

Section: Parametrization Of Turbine-induced Turbulence Kinetic Energymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Review of Mesoscale Wind-Farm Parametrizations and Their Applications

Fischereit

Brown

Larsén

et al. 2021

Boundary-Layer Meteorol

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With the ongoing expansion of wind energy onshore and offshore, large-scale wind-farm-flow effects in a temporally- and spatially-heterogeneous atmosphere become increasingly relevant. Mesoscale models equipped with a wind-farm parametrization (WFP) can be used to study these effects. Here, we conduct a systematic literature review on the existing WFPs for mesoscale models, their applications and findings. In total, 10 different explicit WFPs have been identified. They differ in their description of the turbine-induced forces, and turbulence-kinetic-energy production. The WFPs have been validated for different target parameters through measurements and large-eddy simulations. The performance of the WFP depends considerably on the ability of the mesoscale model to simulate the background meteorological conditions correctly as well as on the model set-up. The different WFPs have been applied to both onshore and offshore environments around the world. Here, we summarize their findings regarding (1) the characterizations of wind-farm-flow effects, (2) the environmental impact of wind farms, and (3) the implication for wind-energy planning. Since wind-farm wakes can last for several tens of kilometres downstream depending on stability, surface roughness and terrain, neighbouring wind farms need to be taken into account for regional planning of wind energy. Their environmental impact is mostly confined to areas close to the farm. The review suggests future work should include benchmark-type validation studies with long-term measurements, further developments of mesoscale model physics and WFPs, and more interactions between the mesoscale and microscale community.

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“…By downscaling global and regional climate projections using statistical (e.g., [28,39]), dynamical [40][41][42][43][44], and statistical-dynamical [38,45,46] approaches it has been shown that climate change can affect the urban climate. Several studies showed that the UHI intensity might change due to the changing climate with the change signal and even the sign of change depending on the city of interest.…”

Section: Impact Of Climate Change On the Uhimentioning

confidence: 99%

Is It Possible to Distinguish Global and Regional Climate Change from Urban Land Cover Induced Signals? A Mid-Latitude City Example

et al. 2018

Self Cite

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Abstract:The local climate in cities differs from the one in rural areas, most prominently characterized by increased surface and air temperatures, known as the "(surface) urban heat island". As climate has changed and continues to change in all areas of the world, the question arises whether the effects that are noticeable in urban areas are "homemade", or whether some of them originate from global and regional scale climate changes. Identifying the locally induced changes of urban meteorological parameters is especially relevant for the development of adaptation and mitigation measures. This study aims to distinguish global and regional climate change signals from those induced by urban land cover. Therefore, it provides a compilation of observed and projected climate changes, as well as urban influences on important meteorological parameters. It is concluded that evidence for climate change signals is found predominantly in air temperature. The effect of urban land cover on local climate can be detected for several meteorological parameters, which are air and surface temperature, humidity, and wind. The meteorology of urban areas is a mixture of signals in which the influencing parameters cannot be isolated, but can be assessed qualitatively. Blending interactions between local effects and regional changes are likely to occur.

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Influence of large offshore wind farms on North German climate

Cited by 21 publications

References 0 publications

Accelerating deployment of offshore wind energy alter wind climate and reduce future power generation potentials

Accelerating deployment of offshore wind energy alter wind climate and reduce future power generation potentials

Review of Mesoscale Wind-Farm Parametrizations and Their Applications

Is It Possible to Distinguish Global and Regional Climate Change from Urban Land Cover Induced Signals? A Mid-Latitude City Example

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