Influence of laxatives on electrolyte and water balance in normal horses

Spallek, A.; Breuer, Jörn; Recknagel, Sebastian; Köller, G; Schusser, G. F.

doi:10.21836/pem20110503

Cited by 3 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…These findings match the data of previous studies, where the bioavailability of sulphate from sodium sulphate was higher and more stable in comparison to sulphate from a magnesium sulphate, but there was no statistically significant difference (Cocchetto andLevy 1981, Morris andLevy 1983b). The fact that magnesium sulphate might cause pronounced diarrhoea (Morris and Levy 1983b) while sodium sulphate had much milder effects on bowel function (Cocchetto and Levy 1981) could not be confirmed in horses (Spallek et al 2011). When isotonic solutions of sodium or magnesium sulphate were orally administered in our study, we observed that only a very low amount was recovered in the blood, suggesting that very little of the compound was absorbed and the main part (99 %) would have to be eliminated with the faeces.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 85%

“…The minimal and maximal value of serum sulphate concentration in healthy fasted horses was 0.29 and 0.42 mmol/l. Results of the electrolyte and water balance have been published recently elsewhere (Spallek et al 2011).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Sulphates are poorly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and act as potent osmotic cathartics (Morris and Levy 1983a). However, magnesium and sodium sulphate may cause electrolyte imbalances (Lopes et al 2004, Spallek et al 2011). …”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Blood sulphate concentration in healthy horses after oral application of laxatives containing sulphur

Snyder¹,

Breuer²,

Koeller³

et al. 2014

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Summary: Saline laxatives are commonly used to treat colic horses with impaction of the cecum or large colon. The objective of this study was to investigate blood sulphate concentrations in healthy horses before and after orally administered sodium or magnesium sulphate. Six healthy adult fasted horses were used in a randomized study design with four treatment regimes: Trial 1: 1.8 % sodium sulphate (20 ml/kg BW); Trial 2: 4.2 % magnesium sulphate (20 ml/kg BW); Trial 3: 25 % sodium sulphate (4 ml/kg BW); Trial 4: 25 % magnesium sulphate (4 ml/kg BW). Water was used as a control (Trial 5: 20 ml water/kg BW). Blood samples were taken at defined time points. The minimal and maximal value of serum sulphate concentration in healthy fasted horses was 0.29 and 0.42 mmol/l. Sulphate concentrations increased moderately, statistically significant (P < 0.05) in Trial 1 (0.66 ± 0.12 mmol/l after 90 min) and Trial 2 (0.57± 0.11 mmol/l after 150 min), and severely (P ≤ 0.001) in Trial 3 (1.37± 0.26 mmol/l after 240 min) and Trial 4 (1.01± 0.22 mmol/l after 240 min) compared to pretest values (Trial 1: 0.29± 0.15 mmol/l; Trial 2: 0.32± 0.06 mmol/l; Trial 3: 0.39± 0.06 mmol/l; Trial 4: 0.39± 0.02 mmol/l). There was no increase in the sulphate concentrations in the control group (Trial 5: 0.42± 0.04mmol/l). We conclude that a single dose of orally administered isotonic sodium or magnesium sulphate increases serum sulphate concentrations moderately, whereas hypertonic sodium or magnesium sulphate increases serum sulphate concentrations greatly in normal horses without clinical signs of adverse reactions.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 85%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Blood sulphate concentration in healthy horses after oral application of laxatives containing sulphur

Snyder¹,

Breuer²,

Koeller³

et al. 2014

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“…Urinary specific gravity is affected by the concentration of the solutes in the urine. Decreased concentrations of UUN, U-Cr, K, Ca and Cl in group 2 caused a urine specific gravity less than 1.035 (control group), however, MZ does not cause polyuria, but the horses with colic treated with laxatives could have more water intake after resolving the impaction (Spallek et al 2011). Therefore, group 2 showed significantly decreased urinary FENa, which is probably a renal compensatory mechanism.…”

Section: Variablesmentioning

confidence: 89%

“…Therefore, group 2 showed significantly decreased urinary FENa, which is probably a renal compensatory mechanism. The FECl and FEK were significantly decreased in group 2, which could be influenced by the laxative treatment with sodium sulphate (1.8 %) (Spallek et al 2011). The loop of Henle controls urine concentration via a countercurrent multiplication mechanism, which depends mainly on concentrations of urea and sodium salts in the renal medullary interstitial fluids (Sadowski andDobrowolski 2003, Schott 2010).…”

Section: Variablesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of using Flunixin Meglumine, Metamizole, and Phenylbutazone on equine kidney functions, urinary mucus, and secretory Immunoglobulin A (IgA) concentrations

Adam¹,

Koller²,

Arnold³

et al. 2017

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Summary: Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are routinely used in equine practices to manage inflammation, endotoxemia, pain or fever in horses. This study was carried out to investigate the effects of the most commonly used nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs on urinary parameters, mucus and immunoglobulin A (IgA) concentrations in horses. Thirty healthy horses (control group) and 20 horses with indications of using either flunixin meglumine (FM), metamizole or phenylbutazone (PHZ) have been used and assigned to group 1, 2 or 3, respectively. Serum creatinine, blood urea nitrogen and electrolytes, in addition to urinary creatinine (U-Cr), urine urea nitrogen and urinary electrolytes, were measured using an automatic analyser. Fractional excretions (FE) of sodium, chloride, potassium, calcium, magnesium and inorganic phosphate, in addition to urinary protein (U-Pro):U-Cr and urinary gamma glutamyl transferase (U-GGT):U-Cr ratios were calculated. Urinary mucus and IgA concentrations and their ratios to the urinary creatinine were measured. The FEMg was significantly higher in group 3 (P < 0.033) than the control group. The U-GGT:U-Cr ratio was also significantly increased in group 3 (P < 0.001) compared with the control group. The U-Pro:U-Cr ratio was significantly higher in groups 1 and 2 (P < 0.007 and P < 0.001, respectively) than in the control group. Phenylbutazone (PHZ) had a significantly increased mucus:U-Cr ratio (P < 0.005). Significant increases were observed regarding the IgA:U-Cr ratio in groups 1 (P < 0.007) and 2 (P < 0.014). In conclusion, long-term use of PHZ has an influence on the renal ascending limb of the loop of Henle, and all these drugs could have effects on the proximal tubules. Phenylbutazone causes an increase in urinary mucus secretion, probably as a protective mechanism against the necrotic effect of PHZ. Parameters such as U-Pro:U-Cr and U-GGT:U-Cr ratios and FEMg are helpful in detecting these renal abnormalities.

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Potassium chloride ameliorates electrolyte derangements after treatment of primary colonic and caecal constipations with sodium sulfate

Latki¹,

Rebelo²,

Failing³

et al. 2017

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Zusammenfassung: Ziel dieser prospektiven, verblindeten, randomisierten und kontrollierten Studie war es, durch die zeitgleiche Verabreichung von Kaliumchlorid bei der intragastralen Abführtherapie mit wasserfreiem Natriumsulfat die bekannterweise auftretenden Absenkungen der Blutkaliumspiegel zu verhindern. In die Studie gingen 33 Patienten mit gering-bis mittelgradig eingestuften Obstipationen des Dickdarmes ein. Alle Pferde erhielten wasserfreies Natriumsulfat in einer Dosierung von 0,44 g/kg KGW, da somit eine Natriumsulfatmenge verabreicht wird, die in 1g/kg KGW Glaubersalz enthalten wäre. Nach Diagnose und Erfüllung der Ein-und Ausschlusskriterien wurden die Patienten randomisiert einer von drei Bei diesen drei Probanden wurde die Abführtherapie komplikationslos wiederholt, was zum Therapieerfolg führte. Hinsichtlich der Lösung der Obstipationen ergaben sich keine statistisch signifikanten Unterschiede zwischen den Gruppen. Auch für die klinischen Parameter wie Herz-und Atemfrequenz sowie Darmperistaltik ergaben sich keine statistisch signifikanten Unterschiede zwischen den Gruppen. Ein schwach signifikanter Unterschiede zwischen den Behandlungsgruppen (p < 0,04) wurde für die Kaliumkonzentration ermittelt. Allerdings wiesen alle drei Gruppen weiterhin Abfälle in den Blutkaliumkonzentrationen innerhalb der ersten 6 -8 Stunden nach der Natriumsulfatgabe auf, wobei die Werte der mit 50 mg/kg KCl substituierten Gruppe rascher wieder in ihre Ausgangsbereiche zurückzukehren schienen. Ebenso erwiesen sich die Unterschiede der pH-Werte zwischen den Gruppen als statistisch signifikant (p < 0,02). Hier zeigte K0 die stärkste Alkalose 6 Stunden nach der Na 2 SO 4 -Gabe und auch die pH-Werte schienen KCl-dosisabhängig rascher wieder ihre Ausgangsbereiche zu erreichen. Die metabolische Alkalose ist am Ehesten durch die bei der Abführtherapie zugeführten Natriumionen zu erklä-ren, da Natrium als stark basisches Kation wirkt. Der zeitgleich zur Alkalose beobachtete Abfall des Kaliums entstand wahrscheinlich, weil Protonen im Austausch mit Kaliumionen in den Intrazellularraum verschoben wurden. Ebenfalls zeitlich parallel zur Alkalose war ein Abfall der Werte des ionisierten Kalziums festzustellen. Dies mag mit dem Freiwerden von zuvor durch H + -Ionen besetzte Bindungsstellen an Bluteiweißen zusammenhängen. Die labordiagnostisch festzustellenden Veränderungen der Elektrolyte und des Säure-Basen-Haushaltes wurden als eher geringgradig eingestuft, hatten dementsprechend keine klinisch wahrnehmbaren Konsequenzen und waren ganz überwiegend am Studienende nach 24 Stunden ohne therapeutische Maßnahmen wieder ausgeglichen. Trotz der Zugabe von Kaliumchlorid kam es 6 -8 Stunden nach Abführtherapie mit Natriumsulfat zur Absenkung der Kalium-und Kalzium-Blutspiegel bei Anstieg der Natriumkonzentrationen, pH-und Bikarbonat-Werte. Die zusätzliche Gabe von Kaliumchlorid schien dosisabhängig diese labordiagnostisch erkennbaren Veränderungen zu verringern. Daher empfehlen wir einen Kaliumzusatz von mindestens 50 mg/kg KGW bei der Abfü...

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Influence of laxatives on electrolyte and water balance in normal horses

Cited by 3 publications

References 6 publications

Blood sulphate concentration in healthy horses after oral application of laxatives containing sulphur

Blood sulphate concentration in healthy horses after oral application of laxatives containing sulphur

Effects of using Flunixin Meglumine, Metamizole, and Phenylbutazone on equine kidney functions, urinary mucus, and secretory Immunoglobulin A (IgA) concentrations

Potassium chloride ameliorates electrolyte derangements after treatment of primary colonic and caecal constipations with sodium sulfate

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