Influence of root age on the concentration of ginsenosides of American ginseng (<i>Panax quinquefolium</i>)

Court, William A.; Reynolds, L. Bruce; Hendel, John G.

doi:10.4141/cjps96-144

Cited by 53 publications

(48 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…This is consistent with the data reported by Smeeton [17]. While the level of chlorogenic acid in the fresh tobacco sample was lower than that in the dry ground tobaccos, probably biological accumulation process of chlorogenic acid has not finished in the fresh tobacco leaves [18]. Quercitrin was the poorest component of the five polyphenols presented in tobaccos.…”

Section: Application Of Duae For Hplc Analysis Of Polyphenols In Tobasupporting

confidence: 82%

Dynamic ultrasound-assisted extraction of polyphenols in tobacco

Cai

Zhu

et al. 2005

J. Sep. Science

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A novel extraction method, namely dynamic ultrasound-assisted extraction, is investigated. This technique is efficient with respect to both time and solvent consumption because it utilizes ultrasonic energy in dynamic mode during extraction. Polyphenols (chlorogenic acid, esculetin, rutin, scopoletin, and quercitrin) are extracted from a tobacco (Nicotina tobaccum L.) sample for 10 min with 6 mL of solvent. Fresh solvent is continuously pumped through the sample, with which the analytes can be rapidly extracted, and the possibility of degradation efficiently avoided. Methanol involving 0.5% w/v ascorbic acid was used as extraction solvent; optimal flow rate and extraction time were investigated. The extract was cleaned up by C 18 disposable cartridge. The spiked and nonspiked tobacco samples were used for the evaluation of the proposed method. Recoveries obtained were varied from 96 to 108% and RSDs from 2.0 to 4.6%. This extraction technique was revealed to recover larger amounts of polyphenols from tobacco, compared to the static ultrasound-assisted extraction method.

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Section: Application Of Duae For Hplc Analysis Of Polyphenols In Tobasupporting

confidence: 82%

Dynamic ultrasound-assisted extraction of polyphenols in tobacco

Cai

Zhu

et al. 2005

J. Sep. Science

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“…In 10-, 6-, or 4-year-old P ginseng, the contents of GS in the main root are 4.99%-5.89%, 3.80%-5.22%, and 2.60%, respectively [5,6] . Thus P ginseng and P quinquefolium below 4 years of cultivation is not suitable for harvest [7] .…”

Section: Chemistrymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The contents of ginsenoside Rb1 (1.51%), Re (0.89%), Rd (0.77%), in P quinquefolium is about 3, 6 and 5 times higher than they are in P ginseng [10] . Rb1>Re>Rg1=Rc>Rd, and these five ginsenosides account for more than 70% of total GS in P quinquefolium [2,7,14] . Thus, P ginseng had a high ratio of Rg1:Rb1 and P quinquefolium had a low ratio of Rg1:Rb1 [15,16] .…”

Section: Contents Of Gs In P Quinquefoliummentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of the pharmacological effects ofPanax ginsengandPanax quinquefolium

Chen¹,

Chiou²,

Zhang

2008

Acta Pharmacologica Sinica

232

139

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Medical application of Panax ginseng was first found in "Shen-Nong Herbal Classic" around 200 AD Panax quinquefolium was first introduced in "Essential of Materia Medica" in 1694 in China. The most important bioactive components contained in P ginseng and P quinquefolium are ginseng saponins (GS). The contents of ginsenoside Rb1, Re, and Rd in P quinquefolium are higher than they are in P ginseng. In P ginseng, the contents of Rg1,Rb2, and Rc are higher than they are in P quinquefolium. P ginseng had a higher ratio of Rg1: Rb1, and which was lower in P quinquefolium. After steaming for several hours, the total GS will decrease. However, some ginsenosides (Rg2, 20R-Rg2, Rg3, Rh1 and Rh2) increase, while others (Rb1, Rb2, Rb3, Rc, Rd, Re, and Rg1) decrease. However, variation, especially in P quinquefolium, is high. P ginseng and P quinquefolium are general tonics and adaptogens. Rg1 and Rb1 enhance central nervous system (CNS) activities, but the effect of the latter is weaker. Thus, for the higher contents of Rg1, P ginseng is a stimulant, whereas the Rb1 contents of P quinquefolium are mainly calming to the CNS. Re, Rg1, panaxan A and B from P ginseng are good for diabetes. Re and Rg1 enhance angiogenesis, whereas Rb1, Rg3 and Rh2 inhibit it. Rh2, an antitumor agent, can be obtained from Rb1 by steaming. The content of Re in P quinquefolium are higher than in P ginseng by 3-4 times. The vasorelax, antioxidant, antihyperlipidemic, and angiogenic effects of Re are reported. Thus, for the CNS "hot," wound healing and hypoglycemic effects, P ginseng is better than P quinquefolium. For anticancer effects, P quinquefolium is better.

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“…Le contenu de la plante en ginsénosides varie en fonction de l'espèce de ginseng et de l'environnement dans lequel elle croît, ce qui, selon certains, pourrait expliquer la différence qui existe entre les propriétés du ginseng asiatique et celles du ginseng à cinq folioles (Li 1995a). Au fil des ans, les ginsénosides s'accumulent par ailleurs dans les tissus de la plante, un plant plus âgé ayant généralement un contenu en ginsénosides plus élevé qu'un plant plus jeune (Clark et Kort 1996;Court et al 1996). Il est possible de produire certains ginsénosides à l'aide de techniques de culture de cellules ou de tissus in vitro (Choi et al 1995).…”

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Revue de la biologie et de la production du ginseng à cinq folioles (Panax quinquefolius L.) en milieu forestier au Canada

et¹,

Olivier²

2003

Can. J. Plant Sci.

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Nadeau, I. et Olivier, A. 2003. Revue de la biologie et de la production du ginseng à cinq folioles (Panax quinquefolius L.) en milieu forestier au Canada. Can. J. Plant Sci. 83: 877-891. La racine du ginseng à cinq folioles, une plante originaire des forêts de feuillus de l'est de l'Amérique du Nord, est très recherchée sur le marché asiatique en raison de ses diverses propriétés médicinales. Les populations naturelles de l'espèce étant aujourd'hui menacées, l'approvisionnement des consommateurs repose essentiellement sur la culture. La presque totalité du ginseng à cinq folioles est produite en champ, à très forte densité, sous des structures d'ombrage. Au cours des dernières années, toutefois, de plus en plus de producteurs ont commencé à produire cette espèce en milieu forestier, où les arbres jouent notamment le rôle de procurer l'ombrage nécessaire aux plants. Ce mode de culture, moins coûteux, permet d'obtenir des racines de qualité supérieure et de valeur commerciale beaucoup plus élevée. Des travaux d'aménagement forestier permettent d'assurer une intensité lumineuse adéquate. La litière de feuilles limite les risques de gel des racines. Un sol meuble, bien drainé, possédant un pH légèrement acide ou près de la neutralité et une bonne teneur en calcium permet d'améliorer le rendement et le taux de survie des plants. La protection des populations naturelles est cependant primordiale pour préserver une richesse génétique essentielle au succès futur de la production.Mots clés: Culture en forêt, érablière, gestion de la fertilité, ginseng à cinq folioles, populations naturelles, pratiques culturales Nadeau, I. and Olivier, A. 2003. The biology and forest cultivation of American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius L.) in Canada: A review. Can. J. Plant Sci. 83: 877-891. The root of the American ginseng, a plant that is native in the deciduous forests of the Eastern part of North America, is in demand on the Asian market because of its numerous medicinal properties. Since the natural populations of this species are now endangered, the satisfaction of the demand of the consumers depends on cultivation. Almost all American ginseng is produced in the field, at very high densities, under shade cloths. In the past few years, however, more and more growers have started to produce this species in forests, where trees provide the necessary shade for the plants. This kind of approach, which is less expensive, allows growers to obtain roots of higher quality and of higher retail value. Appropriate forest management allows adequate light intensity. Leaf litter limits the risk of root damage due to frost. A light, well-drained, lightly acidic or neutral and calcium-rich soil allows for better yields and survival rates of the plants. The protection of natural populations is of prime importance to preserve the genetic diversity which is essential to the success of the production in the future.Key words: Forest farming, maple forest, fertility management, American ginseng, natural populations, cultural practices Depuis plus de 40...

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Influence of root age on the concentration of ginsenosides of American ginseng (Panax quinquefolium)

Abstract: For personal use only.

Cited by 53 publications

References 5 publications

Dynamic ultrasound-assisted extraction of polyphenols in tobacco

Dynamic ultrasound-assisted extraction of polyphenols in tobacco

Comparison of the pharmacological effects ofPanax ginsengandPanax quinquefolium

Revue de la biologie et de la production du ginseng à cinq folioles (Panax quinquefolius L.) en milieu forestier au Canada

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