Influence of stocking density and exposure to white spot syndrome virus in biological performance, metabolic, immune, and bioenergetics response of whiteleg shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei

Zootechnical and physiological responses of whiteleg shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) postlarvae reared in bioflocs and subjected to stress conditions during nursery phase

“…In fact, the values of AEC observed in this study are substantially lower than those above 0.8 that have been reported in rested unstressed L. vannamei under optimal culture conditions(Robles-Romo et al, 2014). High densities used in this study (300-900 shrimp/m 3 ) could explain such low levels althoughApún- Molina et al (2017) failed to obtain differences due to shrimp density at a lower level (20 vs. 100 shrimp/m 2 ). In contrast, lower levels of Arg-P found in B and BS shrimp could be attributed to escape energy expenditure that organisms may have experienced during sampling as capture was more difficult in trouble waters, in accordance to a strong depletion of Arg-P during escape response(Robles-Romo et al, 2016).…”

“…Although it is assumed that high density represents a stressful situation that affects growth, survival and resistance to pathogens (Araneda, Pérez & Gasca-Leyva, 2008;Lin et al, 2015), few studies have analysed the physiological components normally involved in stress response (Aguilar et al, 2012;Apún-Molina et al, 2017). A recent concept proposed in stress physiology is the energy-limited tolerance to stress in which re-allocation of energy to different processes (e.g.…”

“…The adenylate energetic charge (AEC) is an energetic status index of cells at a given time. Thus, it represents another important physiological tool affected by different stressors, such as high ammonia concentrations (Marazza, Bornens & Le Gal, 1996), hypoxia (Abe, Hirai & Okada, 2007), pH levels (Wang, Wang, Chen, Liu & Sun, 2002), escape response (Robles-Romo, Zenteno-Savín & Racotta, 2016) and exposure to white spot syndrome virus (Apún-Molina et al, 2017). A decreased level of arginine phosphate (Arg-P), an immediate source of energy for tissues, was also detected in several crustaceans under conditions of acute stress (Abe et al, 2007; Robles- Romo et al, 2016).…”

Assessment of the new generation aeration systems efficiency and water current flow rate, its relation to the cost economics at varying salinities for Penaeus vannamei culture

“…In spite of the permissible stocking density of 60/m 2 for P. vannamei culture in India (CAA, ), small farmers choose a 40/m 2 stocking rate due to the fear of disease outbreaks in higher densities, infrastructure availability and farmer's experience. Higher stocking density was the primary cause of many problems associated with pond mismanagement and disease outbreak (Apún‐Molina et al, ). Intensive aeration in fish ponds seems to be economically viable under medium‐intensity management strategies (Kumar et al, ).…”

Evaluation of a new Argovit as an antiviral agent included in feed to protect the shrimpLitopenaeus vannameiagainst White Spot Syndrome Virus infection

“…Shrimp haemolymph samples from each tank were collected in pools of three to obtain ∼400 µL/shrimp every 0, 6, 12 and 48 h post-treatment. A one mL syringe (27 G ×13 mm needle) was used for rinsing with 5% potassium oxalate in isotonic saline (850 mOsm/kg) to obtain haemolymph from the ventral sinus (base of the first abdominal segment Apun-Molina et al, 2017;Guemez-Sorhouet et al, 2019). The pools of haemolymph samples were centrifuged at 800× g for 10 min at 4 • C, after which the plasma was removed and the pellet was washed with 250 µL of cold PBS centrifugation as described above.…”