Influenza viruses

Reperant, Leslie A.; Kuiken, Thijs; Osterhaus, Albert D. M. E.

doi:10.4161/hv.8.1.18672

Cited by 34 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 107 publications

(145 reference statements)

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“…The natural reservoir for the first 16 haemagglutinin (HA) and 9 neuraminidase (NA) subtypes of influenza A viruses (IAVs) is the wild aquatic bird population, where infection is generally asymptomatic and reassortment between strains occurs regularly (Reperant et al , 2012). Spillover of these viruses into domesticated poultry populations has resulted in the evolution of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) subtypes such as the Asian-lineage H5N1 which has been circulating continuously in birds since 2003 and has caused upwards of 700 human infections (To et al , 2012).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influenza A virus PB1-F2 protein prolongs viral shedding in chickens lengthening the transmission window

James

Howard

Iqbal

et al. 2016

Journal of General Virology

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Avian influenza is a significant economic burden on the poultry industry in geographical regions where it is enzootic. It also poses a public health concern when avian influenza subtypes infect humans, often with high mortality. Understanding viral genetic factors which positively contribute to influenza A virus (IAV) fitness – infectivity, spread and pathogenesis – is of great importance both for human and livestock health. PB1-F2 is a small accessory protein encoded by IAV and in mammalian hosts has been implicated in a wide range of functions that contribute to increased pathogenesis. In the avian host, the protein has been understudied despite high-level full-length conservation in avian IAV isolates, which is in contrast to the truncations of the PB1-F2 length frequently found in mammalian host isolates. Here we report that the presence of a full-length PB1-F2 protein, from a low pathogenicity H9N2 avian influenza virus, prolongs infectious virus shedding from directly inoculated chickens, thereby enhancing transmission of the virus by lengthening the transmission window to contact birds. As well as extending transmission, the presence of a full-length PB1-F2 suppresses pathogenicity evidenced by an increased minimum lethal dose in embryonated chicken eggs and increasing survival in directly infected birds when compared to a virus lacking an ORF for PB1-F2. We propose that there is a positive pressure to maintain a full-length functional PB1-F2 protein upon infection of avian hosts as it contributes to the effective transmission of IAV in the field.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influenza A virus PB1-F2 protein prolongs viral shedding in chickens lengthening the transmission window

James

Howard

Iqbal

et al. 2016

Journal of General Virology

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“…Some highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIV) induced up to 100% mortality in chickens, however it caused mild if any clinical signs in humans. 10 Conversely, the recent low pathogenic avian influenza viruses (LPAIV) H7N9 in China and Malaysia showed no clinical signs in poultry but it killed 112 out of 355 (»32%) confirmed laboratory human cases since February 2013. 11 Exceptionally, the evolving HPAIV H5N1 since 1997 caused devastating outbreaks in poultry and wild birds in several countries and it was able to kill 393 out of 667 (»59%) infected humans.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Epidemiology, ecology and gene pool of influenza A virus in Egypt: Will Egypt be the epicentre of the next influenza pandemic?

Abdelwhab

Abdel‐Moneim

2015

Virulence

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“…In last years a new live antigen carrier system emerged [17]. Bacterium Bacillus subtilis is a gram-positive bacillus which produce endospores and is generally regarded as safe (GRAS).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Presenting Influenza A M2e Antigen on Recombinant Spores of Bacillus subtilis

et al. 2016

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Effective vaccination against influenza virus infection is a serious problem mainly due to antigenic variability of the virus. Among many of investigated antigens, the extracellular domain of the M2 protein (M2e) features high homology in all strains of influenza A viruses and antibodies against M2e and is protective in animal models; this makes it a potential candidate for generation of a universal influenza vaccine. However, due to the low immunogenicity of the M2e, formulation of a vaccine based on this antigen requires some modification to induce effective immune responses. In this work we evaluated the possible use of Bacillus subtilis spores as a carrier of the Influenza A M2e antigen in mucosal vaccination. A tandem repeat of 4 consensus sequences coding for human—avian—swine—human M2e (M2eH-A-S-H) peptide was fused to spore coat proteins and stably exposed on the spore surface, as demonstrated by the immunostaining of intact, recombinant spores. Oral immunization of mice with recombinant endospores carrying M2eH-A-S-H elicited specific antibody production without the addition of adjuvants. Bacillus subtilis endospores can serve as influenza antigen carriers. Recombinant spores constructed in this work showed low immunogenicity although were able to induce antibody production. The System of influenza antigen administration presented in this work is attractive mainly due to the omitting time-consuming and cost-intensive immunogen production and purification. Therefore modification should be made to increase the immunogenicity of the presented system.

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Influenza viruses

Cited by 34 publications

References 107 publications

Influenza A virus PB1-F2 protein prolongs viral shedding in chickens lengthening the transmission window

Influenza A virus PB1-F2 protein prolongs viral shedding in chickens lengthening the transmission window

Epidemiology, ecology and gene pool of influenza A virus in Egypt: Will Egypt be the epicentre of the next influenza pandemic?

Presenting Influenza A M2e Antigen on Recombinant Spores of Bacillus subtilis

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