Water quality safety is closely related to people’s production and life, and it is necessary for human survival. In recent years, water pollution incidents occur frequently, which not only reminds us of environmental protection, but also exposes the lack of rapid detection ability of water quality analysis in China. At present, there are obvious shortcomings in the mainstream rapid detection methods of water quality analysis. Therefore, this paper puts forward the research and innovation of the rapid detection methods for water quality analysis. In this paper, the main methods of water quality analysis and detection in China are studied in depth, and the advantages and disadvantages of various methods are compared and analyzed. The results show that most of the current mainstream detection methods have the contradiction between detection cost and detection accuracy. In view of this situation, according to the actual needs of rapid detection of water quality analysis, combined with vacuum detection tube electronic colorimetry, this paper innovatively proposed a rapid detection method of water quality analysis based on vacuum detection tube electronic colorimetry. In this paper, the principle of this method is introduced in detail. Through the relevant comparative test experiments, it can be seen that in the detection experiment of pH value and nitrite concentration, the vacuum detection tube electron colorimetry method in this paper has obvious advantages over the traditional spectrophotometer. This paper analyzes that the innovation research of water quality analysis and detection is the innovation of the whole process and the whole system. Therefore, this paper puts forward the ideas and specific optimization and improvement measures for the management work, industry standards and work concept of water quality detection.