“…Shoulder and elbow reconstruction, open soft-tissue procedures, and arthroscopic interventions can all result in severe pain. The use of peripheral nerve blocks can improve patient satisfaction, minimize associated perioperative complications related to narcotic use, increase surgical efficiency, shorten hospital stays, and enhance overall cost-effectiveness (Tables II 10, 12,13,16,17,19,20 and III 9,11,14,15,18 ). The interscalene nerve block, considered the gold standard for regional anesthesia of the shoulder, has been the most widely studied with regard to outcome measures.…”