Infrared spectroscopy for ploidy estimation: An example in two species of Veronica using fresh and herbarium specimens

Abstract

Premise: Polyploidy has become a central factor in plant evolutionary biological research in recent decades. Methods such as flow cytometry have revealed the widespread occurrence of polyploidy; however, its inference relies on expensive lab equipment and is largely restricted to fresh or recently dried material. Methods: Here, we assess the applicability of infrared spectroscopy to infer ploidy in two related species of Veronica (Plantaginaceae). Infrared spectroscopy relies on differences in the absorbance of tissues, which could be affected by primary and secondary metabolites related to polyploidy. We sampled 33 living plants from the greenhouse and 74 herbarium specimens with ploidy known through flow cytometrical measurements and analyzed the resulting spectra using discriminant analysis of principal components (DAPC) and neural network (NNET) classifiers. Results: Living material of both species combined was classified with 70% (DAPC) to 75% (NNET) accuracy, whereas herbarium material was classified with 84% (DAPC) to 85% (NNET) accuracy. Analyzing both species separately resulted in less clear results. Discussion: Infrared spectroscopy is quite reliable but is not a certain method for assessing intraspecific ploidy level differences in two species of Veronica. More accurate inferences rely on large training data sets and herbarium material. This study demonstrates an important way to expand the field of polyploid research to herbaria.K E Y W O R D S discriminant analysis of principal components (DAPC), herbaria, infrared spectroscopy, neural network, polyploidy, Veronica Appl. Plant Sci.