Inheritance of Refractive Error in Millennials

Pusti, Dibyendu; Benito, Antonio; Madrid‐Valero, Juan J.; Ordoñana, Juan R.; Artal, Pablo

doi:10.1038/s41598-020-65130-w

Cited by 7 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 47 publications

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“…Most of these studies were conducted either across a general population including all age groups or an old population. Furthermore, none of them captures the environmental changes that have occurred during the last two decades which was evident in a recent work, where heritability of objective refraction in the sample used for the present study was considerably lower compared to a middle-aged twin population from the same geographical origin 26 . Sample characteristics, such as age, years of schooling or geographical area may be responsible for those inconsistencies.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 82%

“…A sample from the British population also showed high heritability in a study conducted by Hammond et al 22 (sample age 49 to 79 years) showed heritability of 84%. A comprehensive table of all relevant studies done from 1962 has been provided in our previous work 26 . Most of these studies were conducted either across a general population including all age groups or an old population.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Disparity between central and peripheral refraction inheritance in twins

Pusti

Benito

Madrid‐Valero

et al. 2021

Sci Rep

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The last decades have witnessed a sudden increase in myopia incidence among youngsters that have been related to modern lifestyle along with the use of emerging technologies affecting visual exposure. Increasing exposures to known risk factors for myopia, such as time spent indoors, close-distance work, or low-light conditions are thought to be responsible for this public health issue. In most cases, development of myopia is secondary to a vitreous chamber enlargement, although the related mechanisms and the potential interaction between central and peripheral retinal area remain unclear. For a better understanding, we performed a classical twin study where objective refractive error along 70° of horizontal retinal arc was measured in 100 twin pairs of university students, 78% of which showed manifest myopia. We found the variance of shared environmental origin (range 0.34 to 0.67) explained most of the objective refractive error variance within central 42° of the retina (22° temporal to 19° nasal), whereas additive genetic variance (range 0.34 to 0.76) was predominant in the peripheral retinal areas measured. In this sample of millennial university students, with a large prevalence of myopia, environmental exposures were mostly responsible for inter-individual variation in the retinal horizontal area surrounding the macula, while their relative weight on phenotypic variance was gradually descending, and replaced by the variance of genetic origin, towards the retinal periphery.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 82%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Disparity between central and peripheral refraction inheritance in twins

Pusti

Benito

Madrid‐Valero

et al. 2021

Sci Rep

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“…In that study, we found that variance of refractive error, induced by changes in eye size, was mainly in uenced by variance in environmental exposures during ocular development. 24 An extensive SEM analysis of peripheral refraction applied in this sample allowed us to differentiate to which point the variance of refractive error, measured from the LOS up to of up to ± 35 degrees retinal area, was in uenced by variance in genes or childhood visual exposures. The central large environmental in uence found in our study participants may predict a trend of ocular axial length growth limited mainly at the posterior pole of the eyeball, in an area from the optical disk to around 20 degrees temporal, supporting the 'posterior pole elongation' myopia theory.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[18][19][20][21][22][23] In contrast, a recent twin study with a young sample reported a considerably lower heritability estimate in comparison to a middle-aged twin population from the same twin registry. 24 To the best of our knowledge, there is only one published study estimating PR heritability, conducted in 120 Chinese children and adolescents, which reported a signi cant role of additive genetic factors to explain the variance of peripheral refraction, 25 thus supporting a relevant responsibility of genetic variation on myopia development. However, this study was limited in that they only studied peripheral refraction at a single peripheral angle (40° from the fovea), did not provide information about the refractive error at the line of sight (central measurements), and included a wide age span, ranging from children to young adults (8-20 years), with very different levels of physical development and visual need or exposure.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Disparity of Central-Peripheral Refraction Inheritance in Twins

Pusti

Benito

Madrid‐Valero

et al. 2021

Preprint

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The large incidence of myopia during the last decades is becoming a worldwide public health problem. Increasing myopia during childhood has been related to changing lifestyle and linked to larger eye growth, although the mechanism to explain how visual exposures affect ocular development is still unclear. The gene-environment interaction in myopia was investigated in a sample of 100 pairs of young twins with large prevalence of myopia. A classical twin’s study model was performed on objective refraction measured with an open-view peripheral wave-front sensor across a wide range of horizontal retinal eccentricities. In this sample, variance of refractive errors at the area surrounding the line of sight was mainly related to variance in shared-environmental exposures. From there, while moving towards the retinal periphery, the environmental influence over peripheral refractive error variance decreased gradually towards a genetically-driven model. In conclusion, environmental exposures, responsible of the increase in myopia incidence, seems to be affecting mainly the central area of the retinal in young myopes.

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“…A recent study with twins suggested that refractive error is mostly affected by a shared environment rather than heritability. 4 Other often-mentioned risk factors for myopia development include extensive near work, 5 insufficient outdoor activities in children, 6 and low luminance conditions. 7 …”

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confidence: 99%

Relative Myopic Defocus in the Superior Retina as an Indicator of Myopia Development in Children

Lin

Liang

et al. 2023

Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci.

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Purpose To investigate the role of peripheral refraction in children's myopization. Methods This 2-year study included 214 children (8–15 years old). Refraction across the retina (field of view: 60° × 36°) was measured with a custom-made aberrometer every year. Three datasets were established: dataset 1, 214 subjects from baseline to the first-year visit; dataset 2, 152 subjects from baseline to the second-year visit; and dataset 3, 59 initial emmetropes from baseline to the second-year visit. The baseline refraction of different retina regions was correlated with the central myopic shift, and was compared among groups with different levels of myopic shift. Results In datasets 1 and 2, the refraction distribution across the retina was significantly different among the subjects who were initially emmetropes but not among those who were initially hyperopic or myopic. Refraction in the central vertical retina, especially in the superior retina ( r = −0.5, P < 0.001), was significantly correlated with the myopic shift for emmetropes in that subjects with more relative myopia in the superior retina manifested greater central myopic shifts. In dataset 3, 21 subjects remained emmetropic after 2 years, 15 subjects became myopic at the 1-year visit, and 23 subjects became myopic at the 2-year visit. No difference was found for the relative peripheral refraction in all of the peripheral regions between the stage prior to and after the onset of myopia. Conclusions Relative myopic defocus in the superior retina could be a predictor of central myopia shift. Changes in relative peripheral refraction are more likely a consequence of myopia progression rather than a cause.

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Inheritance of Refractive Error in Millennials

Cited by 7 publications

References 47 publications

Disparity between central and peripheral refraction inheritance in twins

Disparity between central and peripheral refraction inheritance in twins

Disparity of Central-Peripheral Refraction Inheritance in Twins

Relative Myopic Defocus in the Superior Retina as an Indicator of Myopia Development in Children

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