“…According to the scaling algorithm, the second direction of variation is associated with interspecific differences in the proportions of characters, rather than in their size (Kovaleva and Faleev, 1994;Kovaleva et al, 1996Kovaleva et al, , 2011Dupal, 2000;Vasil'ev et al, 2004;Dupal and Abramov, 2010). In the era when variation was analyzed by one dimensional methods, an analog to this direction was variation in the relative value of a character, e.g., the ratio of its value to the body length or condylobasal length.…”