Initial Respiratory Responses to the Intra‐tracheal Inhalation of Phosgene or Ammonia

Banister, Jean; Fegler, George; Hebb, Catherine O.

doi:10.1113/expphysiol.1949.sp000952

Cited by 55 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…A sympathetic pathway for afferent fibres from the lungs has been described previously (Barry, 1913;Fegler, 1933;Banister, Fegler & Hebb, 1949;Holmes & Torrance, 1959). It is assumed that the vagal afferent fibres make connexion with 346 LUNG INFLATION-SYSTEMIC VASODILATOR REFLEX 347 the 'vasomotor centre' in the medulla.…”

Section: Disc'ussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The reflex effects of alterations in lung volume on systemic vascular resistance in the dog

Daly¹,

Hazzledine²,

Ungar³

1967

The Journal of Physiology

117

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SUMMARY1. The reflex effects of alterations in lung volume on systemic vascular resistance have been studied in anaesthetized dogs under conditions in which the systemic circulation was perfused at constant blood flow. The pressures in the isolated perfused carotid sinuses and aortic arch, and the arterial blood Po2 and Pco2 were maintained constant.2. A maintained inflation of the lungs produced by injection of air into the trachea caused a fall in systemic arterial perfusion pressure, indicating vasodilatation. The size of the systemic vasodilator response varied directly with the pressure and volume of gas used to inflate the lungs. A similar effect was observed when the tidal volume of lungs ventilated by an intermittent positive pressure was increased.3. Collapse of the lungs by creating a pneumothorax in closed-chest spontaneously breathing animals evoked a systemic vasoconstrictor response which was reversed when the lungs were re-expanded.4. These vasodilator responses were abolished by dividing the pulmonary branches of the thoracic vagosympathetic nerves. Evidence is presented that the afferent fibres run in the cervical vagosympathetic nerves and through the stellate ganglia.5. The responses were unaffected by atropine, but were abolished by hexamethonium, guanethidine and by bretylium tosylate, indicating that they are mediated via the sympathetic nervous system. 6. Evidence is presented that the lungs are a constant course of afferent impulses inhibiting the 'vasomotor centre', and that the lung inflationsystemic vasodilator reflex is a potential mechanism operating in eupnoeic breathing. M. DE BURGH DALY AND OTHERS

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Section: Disc'ussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The reflex effects of alterations in lung volume on systemic vascular resistance in the dog

Daly¹,

Hazzledine²,

Ungar³

1967

The Journal of Physiology

117

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“…Inhalation of sulphur dioxide caused bronchoconstriction in each of the four cats in which it was tried, but in view of the possibility that it might have a direct bronchomotor action as well as a reflex action (cf. Banister, Fegler & Hebb, 1949) only a few observations were made. In two of these cats sulphur dioxide restricted to the trachea did not cause any change in bronchial tone, although it was effective when blown into the lobes of the lung.…”

Section: Bronchomotor Reflexesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The change in bronchial tone caused by noxious chemical stimuli has been shown to include both reflex and direct constrictor actions on the smooth muscle (Banister et al 1949). In coughing there may also be large changes in blood pressure, and these may not only alter the pulmonary resistance to inflation by changes in the vascular bed of the lungs, but may exert a reflex effect via the baroreceptor zones (Daly & Schweitzer, 1951).…”

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confidence: 99%

“…Craigie (1921). More recently, Banister et al (1949) have administered phosgene and ammonia to dogs, cats and rabbits; in dogs there was an afferent component of the respiratory response running in the thoracic sympathetic nerves, whereas the response was completely abolished by vagotomy in cats and rabbits. This confirmed the work of Cromer et al (1933) on the administration of ammonia to dogs.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Respiratory reflexes from the trachea and bronchi of the cat

Widdicombe¹

1954

The Journal of Physiology

243

102

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Although considerable work has been carried out on respiratory reflexes from the lungs, less attention has been paid to the trachea and bronchi. Having completed an analysis of afferent nerve fibres from the tracheobronchial tree of the cat (Widdicombe, 1954 a), it was desirable to identify the reflexes from this area, so that the functions of each afferent fibre group could be distinguished. This paper describes the experiments on tracheobronchial reflexes. The best known of these is the cough reflex which, although of obvious physiological and pathological importance, has been little investigated experimentally.As well as the cough reflex another tracheobronchial reflex has been described. Hammouda & Wilson (1936) showed that changes in the tracheal diameter of the dog caused a slowing of respiration. This reflex has been investigated in cats. METHODSCats have been used, anaesthetized with intraperitoneal sodium pentobarbitone (32 mg/kg) or with intravenous chloralose (60 mg/kg), the latter after induction with ethyl chloride and ethyl ether. Decerebrate cats were used for one series of experiments; these were prepared under ether anaesthesia and, as with chloralose, no experimental observations were made until sufficient time had elapsed for the volatile anaesthetics to be blown off (30-60 min). A tracheal cannula was inserted.Respiration was usually recorded with the body plethysmograph described by Dawes, Mott & Widdicombe (1951); the volume changes of the animal's body from the neck downwards were registered by a float spirometer which wrote upon a smoked drum. In some experiments a spirometer was used in which the float was attached by its centre of rotation to the moving arm of a potentiometer; the latter was connected to a potential source and the voltage changes from the moving arm were amplified and recorded on a direct-coupled cathode-ray oscilloscope; the response was very nearly linear.In cats which had had a thoracic operation it was often inconvenient to enclose the animal in the plethysmograph, and the respiration was recorded using a modification of the method of Donald & Christie (1949) for man (Fig. 1). The cat breathed through inspiratory and expiratory valves (VI and VE) of small dead space and resistance; inspired and expired airs were separated by a tbin-walled rubber bag and the volume changes of the system recorded by a float spirometer.

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“…Schneider and Yonkman (1954) were unable to cause much increase of activity of pulmonary stretch endings by injecting HT in the rabbit, a species in which it is sometimes rather difficult to cause broncho-constriction (Banister, Fegler, and Hebb, 1950).…”

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confidence: 99%

Cardiovascular and Respiratory Actions of 5‐hydroxytryptamine in the Cat

Kottegoda

Mott

1955

British Journal of Pharmacology and Chemotherapy

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The respiratory and cardiovascular effects of 5-hydroxytryptamine (HT) in the cat have been described by several authors, but it is still not clear to what extent its effects are due to reflex or to direct actions.HT causes a temporary arrest of breathing in the cat (Reid and Rand, 1951). Ginzel and Kottegoda (1954) observed that, when small doses (2-6 ,ug.) were injected into the carotid sinus region of the cat, there was a brief apnoea followed by stimulation of breathing; these changes were accompanied by -a fall of blood pressure. Since denervation of the carotid sinus region abolished these effects they concluded that HT acts on either baro-or chemo-receptors. They also found 1954) reported that HT stimulates pulmonary stretch receptors, but admitted that some other type of sensory vagal nerve fibres might also be excited. Mott and Paintal (1953), in a small series of experiments, showed that the reflex apnoea caused by HT in the cat arose from sensory receptors lying between the great veins and the left atrium, and that it was abolished by cutting the vagi but not by cooling them to 2-3°C. Mott and Paintal (1953) and Paintal (1954) were unable to find any evidence that this substance stimulates or sensitizes pulmonary stretch, right or left atrial, or depressor, nerve endings. They concluded that the reflex apnoea caused by HT in the cat resembled that for the amidine compounds, and differed from that caused by veratridine; the latter has been shown to stimulate pulmonary stretch fibres (Meier, Bein, and Helmich, 1949;Dawes, Mott, and Widdicombe, 1951;Paintal, 1953). Hence there exists a difference of opinion regarding the site and mode of action of HT in causing reflex apnoea. The present investigation was undertaken in the hope of elucidating this question, and also with a view to analysing further reflex actions of HT in the cat. METHODSThe respiratory and cardiovascular changes produced by intravenous injections of HT were studied in 13 cats (1.5-3.2 kg.). The animals were anaesthetized with chloralose (60 mg./kg.) and the respiratory movements recorded by the body plethysmograph (Dawes, Mott, and Widdicombe, 1951). Carotid blood pressure was recorded by a mercury manometer and injections were made into the jugular vein. The cervical vagi were cooled by the method described by Dawes et al. (1951). Both vagi were cooled simultaneously to the same temperature.The effect of intravenous injections of HT on the blood flow in the hind legs was investigated in four cats (2.3-3.4 kg.). These animals were anaesthetized with pentobarbitone (30 mg./kg. intraperitoneally) and heparinized. The aorta was divided in the lower abdomen, a pump unit was introduced between the

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Initial Respiratory Responses to the Intra‐tracheal Inhalation of Phosgene or Ammonia

Cited by 55 publications

References 4 publications

The reflex effects of alterations in lung volume on systemic vascular resistance in the dog

The reflex effects of alterations in lung volume on systemic vascular resistance in the dog

Respiratory reflexes from the trachea and bronchi of the cat

Cardiovascular and Respiratory Actions of 5‐hydroxytryptamine in the Cat

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