Injective Programmable Proanthocyanidin‐Coordinated Zinc‐Based Composite Hydrogel for Infected Bone Repair

Abstract

Effectively integrating infection control and osteogenesis to promote infected bone repair is challenging. Herein, injective programmable proanthocyanidin‐coordinated zinc‐based composite hydrogels (ipPZCHs) are developed by compositing antimicrobial and anti‐oxidant proanthocyanidin (PC)‐coordinated zinc oxide (ZnO) microspheres with thioether‐grafted sodium alginate (TSA), followed by calcium chloride (CaCl2) crosslinking. Responsive to the high endogenous reactive oxygen species (ROS) microenvironment in infected bone defects, the hydrophilicity of TSA can be significantly improved, to trigger the disintegration of ipPZCHs and the fast release of PC‐coordinated ZnOs. This, together with the easily dissociable PC‐Zn2+ coordination induced fast release of antimicrobial zinc (Zn2+) with/without silver (Ag+) ions from PC‐coordinated ZnOs (for Zn2+, > 100 times that of pure ZnO) guarantees the strong antimicrobial activity of ipPZCHs. The exogenous ROS generated by ZnO and Ag NPs during the antimicrobial process further speeds up the disintegration of ipPZCHs, augmenting the antimicrobial efficacy. At the same time, ROS‐responsive degradation/disintegration of ipPZCHs vacates space for bone ingrowth. The concurrently released strong anti‐oxidant PC scavenges excess ROS, enhances the immunomodulatory (in promoting the anti‐inflammatory phenotype (M2) polarization of macrophages) and osteoinductive properties of Zn2+, thus the infected bone repair is effectively promoted via the aforementioned programmable and self‐adaptive processes.This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved

Exploring the Osteogenic Potential of Zinc-Doped Magnesium Phosphate Cement (ZMPC): A Novel Material for Orthopedic Bone Defect Repair

“…Throughout life, the bone is in a dynamic balance involving a complex coordination of multiple bone marrow cell types. It is estimated that in the adult human body, the entire skeleton is renewed every seven years [28,29]. In the bone marrow, mesenchymal stem cells represent a minute subset of nucleated cells, comprising 0.001-0.01% of the total nucleated cell population, and osteoblasts are derived from bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs).…”