Innate Immune Mechanisms: Nonself Recognition

Abstract

The initial defence of the body against pathogens relies on the innate immune system. The innate immune system recognises unique molecular patterns expressed by pathogens, referred to as pathogen‐associated molecular patterns ( PAMPs ), through receptors known as pattern recognition molecules ( PRMs ). PRMs are a diverse range of molecules and include secreted proteins, transmembrane proteins and cytosolic proteins. These molecules sense extracellular and intracellular pathogens and induce a number of responses to help aid in pathogen destruction including phagocytosis through opsonisation, cytokine production and activation of complement. In addition to pathogen sensing, host cells express proteins, the complement regulatory proteins that protect them from attack by the alternative pathway of complement activation, whereas foreign organisms lack these protective proteins and are, therefore, susceptible to complement attack. Key Concepts The innate immune system recognises pathogen‐associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) that are unique to pathogens. Cells of the innate immune system express a large range of pattern recognition molecules (PRM) that bind to PAMPs. PRMs are a diverse range of molecules and include secreted proteins, membrane‐associated proteins and cytosolic proteins. PRMs induce a number of host defence mechanisms upon recognition of PAMPs, including phagocytosis, cytokine production and complement activation. Host cells express complement regulatory proteins that protect them from attack by innate mechanisms.