Innate lymphoid cells: The missing part of a puzzle in food allergy

Abstract

Food allergy is an increasingly prevalent disease driven by uncontrolled type 2 immune response. Currently, knowledge about the underlying mechanisms that initiate and promote the immune response to dietary allergens is limited. Patients with food allergy are commonly sensitized through the skin in their early life, later on developing allergy symptoms within the gastrointestinal tract. Food allergy results from a dysregulated type 2 response to food allergens, characterized by enhanced levels of IgE, IL‐4, IL‐5, and IL‐13 with infiltration of mast cells, eosinophils, and basophils. Recent studies raised a possible role for the involvement of innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) in driving food allergy. Unlike lymphocytes, ILCs lack They represent a group of lymphocytes that lack specific antigen receptors. ILCs contribute to immune responses not only by releasing cytokines and other mediators but also by responding to cytokines produced by activated cells in their local microenvironment. Due to their localization at barrier surfaces of the airways, gut, and skin, ILCs form a link between the innate and adaptive immunity. This review summarizes recent evidence on how skin and gastrointestinal mucosal immune system contribute to both homeostasis and the development of food allergy, as well as the involvement of ILCs toward inflammatory processes and regulatory mechanisms.

Analysis of the Serum Profile of Cytokines Involved in the T-Helper Cell Type 17 Immune Response Pathway in Atopic Children with Food Allergy

“…On the other hand, IL-1beta and IL-23 drive Th17 cell polarization [28]. Cheungi et al suggested that IL-17A and IL-17F may promote the formation of eosinophils, as well as increase the levels of IL-1beta and IL-23 [79]. These findings support the interaction between eosinophils and Th17 cells in the pathogenesis of atopic disorders.…”

Development of sensitization to peanut and storage proteins and relation to markers of airway and systemic inflammation: A 24‐year follow‐up

“…Also, TSLP have been shown to activate ILC2 in esophageal lymphoid tissue in EoE. 45 MMP10 has been shown to be important in airway remodeling and inflammation by regulating macrophage activity. 46 Increased expression of MMP10 are found in patients with high levels of eosinophils in the bronchial submucosa 47 and in severe asthmatics.…”

Distribution of intraepithelial lymphocytes, mast cells, and goblet cells in the intestine of alpaca

“…The precursor cells of mast cells are derived from haematopoietic stem cells and migrate into tissues along with blood to complete the differentiation process (Tanaka, 2020). They are involved in regulating the integrity of the intestinal mucosa and the barrier of the epithelium and are crucial to maintain homeostasis in intestine (Sahiner et al, 2021). Our study found that alpaca mast cells were mainly distributed in the lamina propria and submucosa, with abundant particles in the cytoplasm, and the granular material released was observed in the interstitial space.…”