Innovative Closely Spaced Profiling and Current Velocity Measurements in the Southern Baltic Sea in 2016–2018 With Special Reference to the Bottom Layer

Abstract

A solution to the problem of determination of spatial variability of oceanographic fields, which contained a fine structure resolution higher than what was possible previously using towed scanning probes, was presented for the Baltic Sea. Another concurrently solved problem consisted in obtaining data on the structure of waters in the bottom layer, which was difficult to implement by way of application of previous methods. Instead of scanning along inclined paths, a new measurement technique allows for a quasi-free probe drop with a constant sink rate and which reaches the bottom at each dive cycle along the route of the ship, independent of the pitch of the ship and optimal for the applied probe. The new measurement technique is simpler and more efficient than the previous one. In addition, the problem of measuring the velocity of both very weak and strong currents in a thin bottom layer, including stagnant zones, slopes, sills, and underwater channels, was suggested to be solved using clusters consisting of a sufficiently large number of autonomous Tilt Current Meters (TCM) of original design. The innovation benefits are illustrated by the results of a monitoring campaign that was carried out in the southern Baltic Sea in 2016-2018. Among the new findings is the highest ever recorded temperature, 14.3 • C, in the halocline of the Bornholm Basin, measured after a baroclinic inflow event in early Autumn 2018, and an extraordinarily large current velocity of saltwater flow of more than 0.5 m/s, recorded by a TCM within a 1 m thick bottom layer at the eastern slope of the Hoburg Channel during a period when the northwesterly wind had intensified to a severe gale.

Chronic Oil Pollution from Vessels and Its Role in Background Pollution in the Southeastern Baltic Sea

“…The bottom layer in the deep-water part of the Gdansk Basin (more than 60 m) is much less influenced by the surface processes, where the main hydrological processes are determined by the advective bottom water exchange of the transformed North Sea waters [28,29].…”