Innovative Surface Modification Procedures to Achieve Micro/Nano-Graded Ti-Based Biomedical Alloys and Implants

Abstract

Due to the growing aging population of the world, and as a result of the increasing need for dental implants and prostheses, the use of titanium and its alloys as implant materials has spread rapidly. Although titanium and its alloys are considered the best metallic materials for biomedical applications, the need for innovative technologies is necessary due to the sensitivity of medical applications and to eliminate any potentially harmful reactions, enhancing the implant-to-bone integration and preventing infection. In this regard, the implant’s surface as the substrate for any reaction is of crucial importance, and it is accurately addressed in this review paper. For constructing this review paper, an internet search was performed on the web of science with these keywords: surface modification techniques, titanium implant, biomedical applications, surface functionalization, etc. Numerous recent papers about titanium and its alloys were selected and reviewed, except for the section on forthcoming modern implants, in which extended research was performed. This review paper aimed to briefly introduce the necessary surface characteristics for biomedical applications and the numerous surface treatment techniques. Specific emphasis was given to micro/nano-structured topographies, biocompatibility, osteogenesis, and bactericidal effects. Additionally, gradient, multi-scale, and hierarchical surfaces with multifunctional properties were discussed. Finally, special attention was paid to modern implants and forthcoming surface modification strategies such as four-dimensional printing, metamaterials, and metasurfaces. This review paper, including traditional and novel surface modification strategies, will pave the way toward designing the next generation of more efficient implants.

Electrochemical Surface Biofunctionalization of Titanium through Growth of TiO2 Nanotubes and Deposition of Zn Doped Hydroxyapatite

“…Surface modification of Ti based implants can be achieved by various physical, mechanical, or chemical treatments [11][12][13]. Some of these surface modification techniques include air-born abrasion [14], chemical treatment [15], and anodic oxidation [16].…”

Micro/Nanostructured Topography on Titanium Orchestrates Dendritic Cell Adhesion and Activation via β2 Integrin-FAK Signals

“…Tailoring the biomimetic titanium surface on Ti material has attracted much attention for it advantages in biocompatibility and osseointegration. 52 In natural condition, the structure of bone tissue varies at the micro- and macro-size scales. 53 Cortical bone reveals different scale of porous structures with the cancellous bone.…”

Detailed study on basic methodology of dental implant and surface modification techniques

“…This process treats the surface of the implant with strong acids. After applying this procedure as a result, it produces uniform surface roughness, it also activates more amount of surface area [29][30][31][32].…”