Insect Control and the Balance of Nature

Smith, Ray F.; Allen, William W.

doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0654-38

Cited by 52 publications

(21 citation statements)

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“…The idea of integrated pest management (IPM) was originally formulated in the United States by Ray F Smith, who was later awarded a prestigious World Food Prize for his efforts in its implementation in commercial agriculture (http://www.worldfoodprize.org). Originally designed to reconcile insecticide applications with biological control, the concept evolved into the systems‐based judicious and coordinated use of multiple control techniques aimed at reducing pest damage to economically tolerable levels by optimizing control of all pest organisms and minimizing negative ecological and environmental impacts …”

Section: Integrated Pest Management In Modern Agriculturementioning

confidence: 99%

The Red Queen in a potato field: integrated pest management versus chemical dependency in Colorado potato beetle control

et al. 2014

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Originally designed to reconcile insecticide applications with biological control, the concept of integrated pest management (IPM) developed into the systems-based judicious and coordinated use of multiple control techniques aimed at reducing pest damage to economically tolerable levels. Chemical control, with scheduled treatments, was the starting point for most management systems in the 1950s. Although chemical control is philosophically compatible with IPM practices as a whole, reduction in pesticide use has been historically one of the main goals of IPM practitioners. In the absence of IPM, excessive reliance on pesticides has led to repeated control failures due to the evolution of resistance by pest populations. This creates the need for constant replacement of failed chemicals with new compounds, known as the 'insecticide treadmill'. In evolutionary biology, a similar phenomenon is known as the Red Queen principle - continuing change is needed for a population to persevere because its competitors undergo constant evolutionary adaptation. The Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say), is an insect defoliator of potatoes that is notorious for its ability to develop insecticide resistance. In the present article, a review is given of four case studies from across the United States to demonstrate the importance of using IPM for sustainable management of a highly adaptable insect pest. Excessive reliance on often indiscriminate insecticide applications and inadequate use of alternative control methods, such as crop rotation, appear to expedite evolution of insecticide resistance in its populations. Resistance to IPM would involve synchronized adaptations to multiple unfavorable factors, requiring statistically unlikely genetic changes. Therefore, integrating different techniques is likely to reduce the need for constant replacement of failed chemicals with new ones.

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Section: Integrated Pest Management In Modern Agriculturementioning

confidence: 99%

The Red Queen in a potato field: integrated pest management versus chemical dependency in Colorado potato beetle control

et al. 2014

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“…Solomon (1953) argued for studying the total environments, and pertinently stated, "But on the whole, little progress has been made toward redressing the balance between chemistry and biology in this biological field." However, the recently instituted "supervised control" of insect pests in several western states is a notable landmark (Smith and Allen, 1954).…”

Section: Ecological Significance and Theories Considerations In Economentioning

confidence: 99%

Experimental studies on predation: Predation and cyclamen-mite populations on strawberries in California

Huffaker¹,

Kennett²

1956

Hilg

126

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THIS PAPER has a twofold purpose: first, to present the results of field experiments in the use of predation to control a mite attacking strawberries in California, experiments which we hope will be a step toward filling the increasingly acute need to reach a balance between chemical and biological means of pest control; and second, but not least, to discuss the implication of the results for theories of population dynamics, particulary the role of predation.The integration of two such distinct objectives may at times appear forced, for the discussion of population dynamics leads us far afield from the immediate problem; but both ecologists and entomologists may gain from such an attempt to bridge the gap between pure and applied ecology. Furthermore, details of the experiments and their setting are necessary to an understanding of the bearing of the results on theory. EXPERIMENTS WITH PREDATORY TYPHLODROMUSThe work here reported is an experimental study of predation under field conditions. This study is the result of an attempt to develop a practical program for control of the cyclamen mite, Tarsonemus pallidus Banks, in straw.. berry fields in this state, by use of a native predatory mite, Typhlodromus cucumeris Oudemans, or Typhlodromus reticulatus Oudemans, or both.' The exploratory greenhouse experiments were conducted at Albany, the field experiments in the Santa Clara Valley.

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“…O manejo integrado de pragas foi introduzido na agricultura a partir da década de 1950, com vistas a mitigar os efeitos colaterais advindos do uso errôneo de pesticidas (Smith & Allen, 1954). A aplicação desse modelo de gestão pressupõe a adoção de critérios para a decisão sobre o controle de pragas, entre os quais se destacam os diferentes níveis de dano ou de prejuízo.…”

Section: Introductionunclassified

“…A aplicação desse modelo de gestão pressupõe a adoção de critérios para a decisão sobre o controle de pragas, entre os quais se destacam os diferentes níveis de dano ou de prejuízo. No início, esses níveis foram desenvolvidos para o manejo de insetos (Stern et al, 1959) e, após décadas, para o de plantas daninhas, com adequações nas formas de definição e uso. Desde então, distintos níveis de dano têm sido propostos para subsidiar as decisões do controle de plantas daninhas em sistemas de manejo integrado (Portugal & Vidal, 2009).…”

Section: Introductionunclassified

Nível crítico de dano de papuã em feijão-comum

Kalsing

Vidal

2013

Planta daninha

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RESUMO -Os objetivos do presente trabalho foram estimar níveis críticos de dano de papuã (Urochloa plantaginea) em feijão-comum, em situações onde a planta daninha foi manejada precocemente e ocorreu reinfestação, e avaliar as alterações que sofre em decorrência de cultivares de feijão-comum e variáveis explicativas da infestação. Foram realizados dois experimentos em campo, em Eldorado do Sul, RS, sendo um com o cultivar UFT-06 (grupo Carioca) e o outro com o cultivar IPR Graúna (grupo Preto). Os níveis de infestação de papuã foram obtidos com quatro herbicidas residuais, aplicados em duas doses cada, mais testemunhas com e sem controle de papuã. A densidade, massa fresca e massa seca do papuã foram avaliadas no início e no final do período crítico de prevenção da interferência, e o rendimento de grãos da cultura foi avaliado por ocasião da colheita. O nível crítico de dano de papuã não teve valor elevado nessa situação (0,4 a 0,7%); todavia, pode haver benefício em controlá-lo de acordo com a infestação e o custo de controle. O nível crítico de dano foi sempre maior para o cultivar IPR Graúna, em relação ao UTF-06. A densidade e as massas fresca e seca das plantas de papuã explicaram adequadamente a perda de produção de feijão-comum pelo modelo de regressão não linear da hipérbole retangular. Palavras-chave: Phaseolus vulgaris, Urochloa plantaginea, Brachiaria plantaginea, nível de dano econômico, manejo integrado. ABSTRACT -The objectives were to estimate the magnitude of the critical density of alexander grass (Urochloa plantaginea) in common bean

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Insect Control and the Balance of Nature

Cited by 52 publications

References 0 publications

The Red Queen in a potato field: integrated pest management versus chemical dependency in Colorado potato beetle control

The Red Queen in a potato field: integrated pest management versus chemical dependency in Colorado potato beetle control

Experimental studies on predation: Predation and cyclamen-mite populations on strawberries in California

Nível crítico de dano de papuã em feijão-comum

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