Insecticidal, Oxidative, and Genotoxic Activities of Syzygium aromaticum and Eucalyptus globulus on Culex pipiens Adults and Larvae

Abstract

Objective: The wide-reaching Culex pipiens has long been a public apprehension. Combating serious vector-borne diseases requires the use of insecticides effective against both humans and the ecosystem. The wide variation of botanicals that nature has to offer tempts researchers to study their interactions with the insects. Environment-friendly insecticides light up hope for maintaining ecological balance and pollution mitigation. This study aimed at evaluating the insecticidal, oxidative, and genotoxic activities of eucalyptus and clove oils on C. pipiens adults and larvae. Methods: The chemical composition of essential oils was determined via gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. The bioassay was performed, with eucalyptus oil showing the highest toxicity index (LC 50 of 0.108% after 24 h in adults and LC 50 of 0.014% after 48 h in larvae). Results: Fumigation effects showed Eucalyptus to have higher toxicity than clove oil, with an LC 50 of 0.108% and 0.014% after 24 h and 48 h, respectively, in adults and larvae. The effect of tested oils on the activities of glutathione peroxidase, catalase, and superoxide dismutase varied with increasing oil concentrations. The genotoxic effects of the tested oils were dose-dependent, with an increase of all comet parameters compared with those in the control. Conclusion: The tested oils showed encouraging potentiality as green insecticides in combating C. pipiens. ÖZAmaç: Geniş alana yayılan Culex pipiens uzun süredir bir toplum sorunudur. Vektör aracılığıyla bulaşan ciddi hastalıklarla mücadelede, insanlara ve ekosisteme karşı etkili insektisitlerin kullanımı gerekmektedir. Doğanın sunduğu geniş botanik çeşitlilik, araştırmacıları böceklerle etkileşimlerini çalışmaya teşvik etmektedir. Çevreyle dost insektisitler ekolojik dengenin sürdürülmesi ve kirliliğin azaltılması için umut vaat etmektedirler. Bu çalışmada okaliptus ve karanfil yağlarının C. Pipiens yetişkinleri ve larvaları üzerindeki insektisidal, oksidatif ve genotoksik etkilerinin değerlendirilmesi amaçlandı. Yöntemler: Esansiyel yağların kimyasal kompozisyonu gaz kromatografisi/kitle spektrometresi ile belirlendi. En yüksek toksisite indeksini gösteren okaliptüs yağı ile biyoanaliz yapıldı (yetişkinlerde 24 saatten sonra %0,108 LC 50 , ve larvalarda 48 saat sonrasında %0,014 LC 50 ). Bulgular: Fümigasyon etkileri okaliptüsün karanfil yağına kıyasla daha yüksek toksisitesinin olduğunu gösterdi (yetişkin ve larvalarda sırasıyla 24 ve 48 saat sonrasında, %0,108 ve %0,014 LC 50 ). Test edilen yağların glutatyon peroksidaz, katalaz ve süperoksit dismutaz aktiviteleri üzerindeki etkisi artan yağ konsantrasyonlarıyla birlikte değişiklik gösterdi. Kontrollerle kıyaslandığında, tüm komet parametrelerindeki bir artışla, test edilen yağların genotoksik etkileri doza bağımlı bulundu. Sonuç: Test edilen yağlar C. pipiens ile mücadelede yeşil insektisitler olarak umut verici bir potansiyele sahiptir.

Clove Essential Oil (<em>Syzygium aromaticum L. Myrtaceae</em>): Extraction, Chemical Composition, Food Applications and Essential Bioactivities for Human Health

“…Besides, an increase in resistance against insecticides has been reported. Due to this, different investigations have focused on the development of natural insecticides, using EO as a basis for the control of agricultural and urban pests [95][96][97]. However, their high volatility decreases the time in which EOs remain in the human body, so sometimes several applications are required in a day…”

“…The CEO has shown a high level of repellency and fumigant toxicity on flea, aphids, nymphal instars, mites, red imported fire ant, C. pipiens, and American and German cockroach [93,95,96]. The oviposition-deterrent activity of CEO could be found in other mosquito species (An.…”

“…quinquefasciatus, Cx. tritaeniorhynchus) [95,97]. The CEO targets the egg stage as ovipositiondeterrent and the larval stages as a larvicide against Ae.…”

“…The primary target of CEO and other EOs are Octopamine and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptors, transient receptor potential (TRP) channels [94]. The CEO doseresponse ratio showed an increase in the mortality rate, increasing concentration [95]. The CEO increased the permeability activity on the cell membrane, disrupted the cytoplasmic membrane, and interacted with proteins ATPase, histidine decarboxylase, amylase, and protease enzymes, each also inhibited.…”

“…Therefore, they conclude that the CEO application represents an alternative to control aphid infestations [94]. E. Elzayyat et al [95] evaluated the insecticidal activities against adults and larvae of C. pipiens, reported an LC50: 0.374% and 0.036%, respectively [95]. Neupane et al [96] observed that CEO, eugenol, and eugenyl acetate applied at 4.0 ml/cm 2 provided 95%, 85%, and 87% mortality of German cockroaches.…”