Insight Into Polysaccharides From Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer in Improving Intestinal Inflammation: Modulating Intestinal Microbiota and Autophagy

Abstract

Polysaccharides from Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer (P. ginseng) are the main active component of P. ginseng and exhibit significant intestinal anti-inflammatory activity. However, the therapeutic mechanism of the ginseng polysaccharide is unclear, and this hinders the application for medicine or functional food. In this study, a polysaccharide was isolated from P. ginseng (GP). The primary structure and morphology of the GP were studied by HPLC, FT-IR spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Further, its intestinal anti-inflammatory activity and its mechanism of function were evaluated in experimental systems using DSS-induced rats, fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT), and LPS-stimulated HT-29 cells. Results showed that GP modulated the structure of gut microbiota and restored mTOR-dependent autophagic dysfunction. Consequently, active autophagy suppressed inflammation through the inhibition of NF-κB, oxidative stress, and the release of cytokines. Therefore, our research provides a rationale for future investigations into the relationship between microbiota and autophagy and revealed the therapeutic potential of GP for inflammatory bowel disease.

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“…It is conjectured that this phenotype might be caused by crosslinking between sugar chains, indicating a strong interplay between the molecules of the polysaccharide. The superficial of PF40 when evaluated at the amplification of 5000× and 10,000× seemed to be slick, with some fine stripes and perforated cavities, which might be created by the sublimation of ice crystals during lyophilization or may be correlated with the branching of the polysaccharides [35]. These results indicate that PF40 has an amorphous structure, and they are consistent with the results of the XRD analysis.…”

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“…In fact, after a stroke, the body's immune function is significantly reduced, and autophagic response and intestinal microbiome disorders occur. At the same time, the intestinal floral imbalance affects the immune response, severity, stroke outcome, and related poststroke complications [ 50 ]. Recently, emerging research has focused on the connection between inflammation and autophagy [ 51 ].…”

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“…Ginseng has an anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects ( Lee et al., 2019 ) and it could prevent the colitis and related cancer induced by dextran sodium sulfate ( Shin et al., 2020 ). In the studies of dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced SD rats, ginseng polysaccharides can significantly up-regulate the relative abundance of probiotics, reduce the relative abundance of pathogenic bacteria, and inhibit a variety of inflammatory signal pathways ( Shen et al., 2018 ; Wang et al., 2021 ). Ginsenoside Rk3 can increase the abundance of probiotics such as Bacteroides and Lactobacillaceae and reduce the abundance of pathogenic bacteria that can promote the production of inflammatory factors such as Proteobacteria , Helicobacteraceae .…”