Insights into Leptospirosis, a Neglected Disease

Sritharan, Manjula

doi:10.5772/38838

Cited by 5 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 71 publications

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“…Even though Hardjo is considered common in cattle, other serovars were also noticeable in many parts of India and the world (Balamurugan et al, 2016a;Patel et al, 2017). The present study findings are in congruence with the results of a previous study by Sritharan (2012), where the serovars observed were Pomona, Tarassovi, Hebdomadis, Lai, Australis, Ballum.…”

Section: Advances In Animal and Veterinary Sciences Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Seropositivity and Associated Risk Factors for Bovine Leptospirosis in Dairy Farms

Menamvar¹,

Kumar²,

Belamaranahally³

et al. 2021

AAVS

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L eptospirosis, a spirochaetal zoonosis, has emerged as a serious global veterinary and public health problem affecting the health of both animals and humans in tropical and subtropical countries (Costa et al., 2015). Leptospirosis is caused by pathogenic species of the genus Leptospira and results in high morbidity and mortality (Ellis, 2015). The disease is prevalent in humans and a variety of mammalian hosts such as rodents, bovine, sheep, goats, dogs, Short communicationAbstract | Leptospirosis is one of the most economically important diseases of the cattle and buffaloes population worldwide and is caused by serovars of pathogenic Leptospira. A pilot study was conducted in some of the dairy farms located in Telangana and Andhra Pradesh, endemic states of India, during 2017 to investigate the seropositivity of bovine leptospirosis in dairy animals and associated risk factors at the farm level. The semi-structured questionnaire was designed as per the literature and used to collect leptospirosis associated risk factors along with serum samples from eight non-vaccinated dairy herds. The collected serum samples (n=56) were examined for detection of leptospiral antibodies using the Microscopic Agglutination Test (MAT), the gold standard serological test. The Chi-square and odds ratio analyses were employed to identify the important risk factors for leptospirosis in dairy farms. The study revealed that the seroprevalence of bovine leptospirosis at an individual animal and farm level was 39.8% and 75%, respectively, associated with age (p=0.041) and the health status of the animal (p=0.0001) as the significant risk factors. The predominantly observed reacted serovars were Icterohemorrhagiae (31.8%), Hebdomadis (27.3%), Bangkinang (22.7%), Australis (18.2%), Djasiman, Hurstbridge, Panama, and Pyrogenes (13.6%). Further, studies are required to identify the appropriate farm level/animals level risk factors associated with bovine leptospirosis using large-scale sampling with a refined survey instrument tool.

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Section: Advances In Animal and Veterinary Sciences Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Seropositivity and Associated Risk Factors for Bovine Leptospirosis in Dairy Farms

Menamvar¹,

Kumar²,

Belamaranahally³

et al. 2021

AAVS

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“…Despite several reports [1][2][3][4][5][6], the pathogenesis of the disease is not well known. Much remains to be understood about the mechanisms underlying haemorrhage and tissue damage in the liver, lungs and kidneys leading to jaundice, lung haemorrhage and renal dysfunction [3,[7][8][9][10][11][12]. Despite their haemolytic and enzymatic activities demonstrated in vitro, there is little forthcoming evidence of the involvement of the leptospiral sphingomyelinases in host tissue damage [13][14][15][16]; recently, it was reported that bacterial sphingomyelinases promote colonization and growth of these pathogens [17].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cytotoxicity of the 42 kDa SMase C sphingomyelinase secreted by Leptospira interrogans serovar Pomona on Vero cells

Chaurasia

Sritharan

2020

Microbiology

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Sphingomyelinases produced by the pathogenic members of the genus Leptospira are implicated in the haemorrhagic manifestations seen in the severe form of leptospirosis. With multiple sphingomyelinase genes present in the genome of pathogenic Leptospira , much remains to be understood about these molecules. They include factors regulating their expression, post-translational modifications, and release of the biologically active forms of these molecules. In this study, serovar Pomona was chosen as it is reported to express high levels of sphingomyelinase that explained the haemolytic activity seen in experimental animals infected with this pathogen. Here, we demonstrate the cytotoxicity of a 42 kDa sphingomyelinase secreted by Leptospira interrogans serovar Pomona strain Pomona upon infecting Vero cells. This sphingomyelinase detected using specific anti-sphingomyelinase antibodies, exhibited haemolytic and sphingomyelinase activities that caused host-cell damage evident from the confocal images and scanning electron micrographs. The implications of these findings and the detection of a 42 kDa sphingomyelinase in the urine of human patients with leptospirosis in our earlier study is discussed with an emphasis on the potential of these sphingomyelinases as candidate markers for the early diagnosis of leptospirosis.

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“…ELISA-based testing will be less expensive than MAT as it does not require the maintenance of live organisms and can be performed in any routine laboratory and further, unlike MAT does not require trained personnel and can be quantitated and is not prone to interobserver and intra-observer errors as in MAT [39]. Therefore, Elisa has been used as an alternative test to MAT for screening for leptospiral infection in both human and animals.…”

Section: Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay (Elisa)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is the most appropriate test to employ in epidemiological serosurveys since it can be applied to sera from any animal species and the range of antigens used can be expanded or decreased as required [1]. It has been used as the test of choice in outbreaks and sporadic cases and has also been useful in retrospective studies in confirming leptospirosis cases and identifying the prevalent serovar during that period [39].…”

Section: Microscopic Agglutination Test (Mat)mentioning

confidence: 99%

A Review of Laboratory Diagnosis and Treatment of Leptospirosis

Al-orry¹,

Arahou²,

Hassikou³

et al. 2016

Int J Pharm Pharm Sci

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Leptospirosis is an infectious disease affect human and animal. The diagnosis is challenging due to none specific clinical features, lack of awareness and poor access to health care. Therefore the disease becomes underreported. Early diagnosis is essential because antibiotic treatment is most effective when it is initiated early. However, laboratories tests for early diagnosis still lacking. The disease may be demonstrated by direct or indirect methods. Direct methods are the detection of the organism or its components and indirect methods are the detection of specific antibodies of the organism. This review highlights the major diagnostic techniques in leptospirosis with their advantages and disadvantages as well as the treatment. The search criteria focused on the thesis we obtained and searching in the websites (Google

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Insights into Leptospirosis, a Neglected Disease

Cited by 5 publications

References 71 publications

Seropositivity and Associated Risk Factors for Bovine Leptospirosis in Dairy Farms

Seropositivity and Associated Risk Factors for Bovine Leptospirosis in Dairy Farms

Cytotoxicity of the 42 kDa SMase C sphingomyelinase secreted by Leptospira interrogans serovar Pomona on Vero cells

A Review of Laboratory Diagnosis and Treatment of Leptospirosis

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