Insights into the storage stability of ammonia in polyester aluminum bags

Photocatalytic Platforms for Removal of Ammonia from Gaseous and Aqueous Matrixes: Status and Challenges

“…4−6 Exposure to high concentrations of NH 3 in air (e.g., above 50 ppm) for more than 10 min can be fatal in humans. 3,6 The primary symptoms associated with poisoning by NH 3 in the gaseous phase, NH 3 (g), include temporary blindness, pulmonary edema, burns, blisters, and irritation of the respiratory tract and eyes. 7−9 Elevated outdoor levels of NH 3 (g) can contribute to the formation of secondary aerosols with detrimental effects on the regional radiation balance, haze pollution, and terrestrial vegetation.…”

“…16 Concentrations as high as 300 ppm of NH 3 (g) have been reported at wastewater treatment plants handling large quantities of municipal solid wastes, composted materials, and anaerobically digested sludge. 3,17,18 NH 3 (g) can also be liberated from walls containing nitrogen-rich fly ash, antifreeze agents, and ureabased products, 19−21 and it has been recognized as a potent indoor air pollutant. 22−24 Once released into the atmosphere, the NH 3 (g) molecules primarily contribute to the formation of secondary aerosols (nitrogenous compounds) as the precursors of haze, as mentioned earlier.…”

“…The occurrence of malodorous and hazardous compounds such as ammonia (NH 3 ), which has a vapor pressure of 1 010 000 Pa at 25 °C, is a major environmental nuisance. − NH 3 is a colorless and pungent gas with corrosive, toxic, and reactive properties. − Exposure to high concentrations of NH 3 in air (e.g., above 50 ppm) for more than 10 min can be fatal in humans. , The primary symptoms associated with poisoning by NH 3 in the gaseous phase, NH 3 (g), include temporary blindness, pulmonary edema, burns, blisters, and irritation of the respiratory tract and eyes. − Elevated outdoor levels of NH 3 (g) can contribute to the formation of secondary aerosols with detrimental effects on the regional radiation balance, haze pollution, and terrestrial vegetation. ,, A short (15 min) exposure limit of 35 ppm and a maximum exposure limit of 25 ppm (for 8 h) have been set for NH 3 (g) by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration …”

“…NH 3 (g) is released in large quantities from agricultural facilities, compost-processing centers, oil refineries, petrochemical plants, manufacturing facilities, pulp and paper mills, textile factories, automobile exhaust, liquefied natural gas power plants, food processing centers, construction projects, and wastewater treatment facilities. ,− Average NH 3 (g) concentrations of 50 and 90 ppm have been reported at poultry facilities and pig farms, respectively . Concentrations as high as 300 ppm of NH 3 (g) have been reported at wastewater treatment plants handling large quantities of municipal solid wastes, composted materials, and anaerobically digested sludge. ,, NH 3 (g) can also be liberated from walls containing nitrogen-rich fly ash, antifreeze agents, and urea-based products, − and it has been recognized as a potent indoor air pollutant. − Once released into the atmosphere, the NH 3 (g) molecules primarily contribute to the formation of secondary aerosols (nitrogenous compounds) as the precursors of haze, as mentioned earlier . Such conversion can yield even more deleterious or complicated aerosol species than NH 3 (g) itself.…”

“…3 from gaseous and aqueous systems are lacking. Only an active collaboration between research laboratories and real-world industries can push photocatalytic technology forward for gaseous and aqueous systems.…”